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FBN > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

What waves occur when awake?

A

Aloha and beta (Unsynchronised)

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2
Q

What waves occur in REM sleep?

A

Beta

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3
Q

What waves occur in stage 1 sleep?

A

Theta (intermittent activity)

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4
Q

What waves occur in stage 2 sleep?

A

Spindles (short bursts) and k complexes

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5
Q

What waves occur in stage 3?

A

Delta - Unsynchronised

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6
Q

What waves occur in stage 4 sleep?

A

Delta - synchronised

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7
Q

What physiological changes occur in REM sleep?

A

HR goes up, neck muscles relax, more variable breathing rate, penile erection

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8
Q

According to Carlson and older text books what does sleep not restore and what does it restore?

A

Does not restore the body but it does restore the brain.

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9
Q

How do we know the brain is indeed resting during sleep?

A

Delta activity during slow-wave sleep

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10
Q

What does sleep deprivation cause? (7)

A

Higher level cognitive function is disrupted, working memory, ST memory, attention (individual may not recognise it). Mood changes, increase sleep propensity, compensated by increase sleep intensity and/or duration, decrease glucose metabolism in prefrontal and parietal areas, increase risky behaviour as sleep duration falls below 5 hours. Perceptual changes. Sleep deprivation is correlated with a reduction in cellular immunity and can cause a reduction in N cells, T cells and monocytes function

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11
Q

What type of memory does sleep benefit?

A

Declarative and procedural memory

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12
Q

Define insomnia

A

Perception of insufficient or inadequate sleep for 3 weeks or more.

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13
Q

What are ways people can improve their sleep?

A 
Avoid caffeine, alcohol, nicotine.
Turn bedroom into a sleep inducing environment. 
Establish a soothing pre-sleep routine.
Go to sleep when tired.
Don't be a night time clock watcher.
Use light to your advantage.
Consistent schedule.
Nap before 5pm or not at all. 
Eat light evening meal and not too late.
Balance fluid intake.
Exercise 3 hours before bed time.
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14
Q

What are some of the contributing factors to insomnia?

A

Reaction to distress, organic cause (endogenous depression), faulty/poor sleep management, chronic distress - pain.

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of insomnia?

A

Transient - 2/3 days, acute stress, jet lag.
Short Term - 3 weeks, up to 50% of patients in this group have underlying psychiatric illness, also chronic alcohol abuse.

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16
Q

What do the 5 P’s for good sleep stand for?

A

Psychological - decrease stress
Physiological - increase relaxation.
Pharmacological - decrease caffeine and decrease alcohol.
Psychiatric - diagnosis - treatment for anxiety/depression.
Physical - decrease pain.

17
Q

What is an EEG a useful diagnostic tool in?

A

Sleep disorders, epilepsy, coma, brain death.

18
Q

What is the EEG signal?

A

Algebraic sum of electrical synaptic/glial events from neural population.

19
Q

Does REM duration increase or decrease during the sleep period?

A

Increases

20
Q

What factors promote sleep?

A

Interleukin-1 - increases during illness.
Adenosine levels increase in sleep and decrease during wakefulness. Caffeine is an adenosine R antagonist - reduces sleepiness.

21
Q

What are the features of a good hypnotic?

A

Indices normal sleep, no hangover on waking up, low risk of overdose, lack of tolerance and dependence.

22
Q

What is the major short acting hypnotic and what is its half life?

A

Benzodiazepines, half life of 6 hours. Barbiturates no longer used as a hypnotic.

23
Q

What other drugs are there and why are they not as popular?

A

Antihistamines, sedative antidepressants, choral hydrate etc .. All have side effects.

24
Q

Barbiturates have well found actions in what conditions?

A

Epilepsy and anaesthesia.

25
Q

What are the problems with barbiturates?

A

Reduce REM sleep, tolerance, dependence, hangover, poisoning - respiratory depression.

26
Q

What are some examples of benzo’s?

A

Temazepam, midazolam etc

27
Q

What are drugs that bind to BDZ sub-units of the GABAa receptor with BDZ-like action.

A

Zoplicone, Zolpidem.

28
Q

What are some partial agonists of BDZs?

A

Abercarnil, bretazenil.

29
Q

What type of receptor is the GABA receptor?

A

Ionotropic receptor - ligand activated (GABA) chloride channel.

30
Q

What are this clinical uses of BDZs?

A

Sedative, induces sleep, decreases anxiety, reduce muscle tone, anticonvulsant.

31
Q

What activity does an EEG pick up?

A 
Alpha waves (smooth activity 8-12 Hz)
Beta waves (irregular activity 13-30 Hz)
Theta waves (intermittent activity 5-8 Hz)
Sleep spindles (short bursts of 12-14 Hz)
K complexes (sudden sharp waveforms)
Delta (regular, synchronous activity of 1-4 Hz)

FBN (22 decks)

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