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Clinical Neuroscience > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

Learn sleep

1
Q

What’s N1 of the sleeping cycle?

A

Stages of daydreaming

  • Beginning to fall asleep
  • alpha waves (8-14 cycles/sec)
  • theta waves (4-7 cycles/sec)
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2
Q

What’s the N2 of the sleeping cycle?

A

Light sleep, body temp dropping

  • Heart rate slows down
  • Rhythmic brain wave activity
  • Sleep spindles
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3
Q

What’s the N3/4 of the sleeping cycle?

A

Delta waves (0-4 cycles/sec)

  • Blood pressure drops
  • Slower breathing
  • Energy restored
  • Hormones released for growth development.
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4
Q

What is REM?

A

Dreams, rapid eye movement.

  • Increased respiration rate, brain activity,
  • Paradoxical sleep
  • Voluntary muscles paralyzed
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5
Q

What’s the average sleep needed by all ages?

A

Depending on age. 7.5 hours to 18 hours.

  • Adults +18: 7.5-9 hours
  • Newborns - 2 months: 12-18 hours.
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6
Q

Systems involved in dreaming.

A

Primary visual cortex, secondary visual system, limbic system, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, release of norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine.

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7
Q

What is Lucid dreaming?

A

Consciously aware in your dreams, aware that you are dreaming.

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8
Q

What can damage to the brainstem cause?

A

Can induce sleep or coma. Brainstem and basal forebrain involved with ACh.

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9
Q

Explain the initiation of non-REM.

A

General decrease in firing rates of most brainstem modulatory neurons.

  • Subset of cholinergic neurons in basal forebrain increase firing rate at non REM onset, silent during wakefulness
  • Sleep spindles and delta rhythms produced by thalamic potentials.
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10
Q

What’s going on during REM sleep?

A

Many cortical areas as active during sleep as during wakefulness.

  • Motor cortex: a few muscles in eye, inner ear, respiration.
  • Brainstem systems inhibit spinal motor neurons (REM atonia).
  • Low frontal lobe activity
  • Increased limbic activity
  • Increase in exstrastriate activity.
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11
Q

What are the sleep promoting factors?

A

Immune system involvement

  • muramyl peptides (non REM)
  • interleukin-1 peptide
  • adenosine
  • antagonists (caffeine), inhibits modularly systems for ACh, NE, and 5-HT.
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12
Q

Are there changes in Gene Expression?

A

Most genes expressed equally during both sleep and awake states. Some specific genes change levels of expression.
- Highly expressed during awake state: immediate early genes and mitochondrial genes.

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13
Q

What is apnea?

A

Sleep related breathing disorders.

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14
Q

What is phase disorder?

A

Circadian rhythm disorders

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15
Q

What is parasomnias?

A

Disorders that involve abnormal and unnatural movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and dreams.

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16
Q

What are dysomnias?

A

Insomnia and hypersomnia.

17
Q

What is unihemispheric sleep?

A

Dolphins, ducks, and iguanas can rest one half of brain while keeping other half active/awake. In part to ward for predators.

18
Q

What is sleep terror (pavor nocturnus)?

A

Occurs during NREM sleep (N3/4) early in the night( high delta activity, slow wave sleep). Intense fear activates autonomic processes (higher heart rate, fight or flight).

19
Q

What is sleep walking (somnambulism)?

A

Happens during NREM sleep (N3/4) and early in the night (high delta activity, slow wave sleep). Activities from sitting up to dressing etc. Can incur nocturnal enuresis (bed wetting).

  • More observed in children 6-12.
  • Appears to run in families.
  • Diagnosis: polysonogram.
20
Q

What are circadian rhythms?

A

influences sleep, eating, temperature, metabolism, protein syntehsis.
- Somewhat longer than 24 hours for most people.
- Women ~ 6 minutes shorter than man.
- Some women shorter than 24 hours
- Mutations can shorten to 19 hours.
Influences cognitive tasks such as attention, executive functions.

21
Q

What’s the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus?

A

Master clock

  • External stimuli entrain
  • Allow resetting of internal clock
  • Melanopsin retinal ganglion cells project via retinohypothalamic tract.
  • Blue light (~446-477 nm) most effective zeitgeber.
  • Other zeitgebers include social activity, temperature, sound, physical activity.
22
Q

How does bright light affect the circadian rhythm?

A

Bright light in evening phase: delays clock

- Bright light in morning phase: advances clock

23
Q

What does melatonin do?

A

Produced by pineal gland

  • Encourages sleep
  • Secreted at night
  • Secretion inhibited by bright light
  • Induces phase shifts in circadian rhythm.
  • Taken in late afternoon, advances circadian rhythm and increases quality of sleep.
24
Q

What are positive regulators involved in the circadian rhythm?

A
  • Self-regulating feedback cycle.

Clock, BMAL/Cycle, Bind to promotors and induce transcription of negative regulators.

25
Q

Explain the negative regulators.

A

Per, Tim, Cry

  • Transcribed during day and translocated to cytoplasm in early evening
  • Kinases phosphorylate and cause degradation
  • Later in evening, dimerize and increase stability
  • Return to nucleus and inactivate positive regulators
  • At dawn, dimers destabilize and positive regulators restored.
26
Q

Circadian Rhythm’s effects on Cognitive performance.

A

Bright light exposure (~460 nm) increases alertness and motor performance

  • Best cognitive performance in afternoon
  • Better cognitive performance associated with higher core body temperature.
27
Q

What is a Chronotype?

A

Attribute of human beings reflecting at what time of the day their physical functions (hormone level, body temperature, cognitive faculties, eating and sleeping) are active, change or reach a certain level influenced by age and affects medical test results and treatments.

  • Larks: older individuals
  • Owls: adolescents, greater susceptibility to depression and other disorders, and rhythms in skin more difficult to entrain.
28
Q

What are some problems correlated with sleep deprivation?

A

School performance, difficulties in attention and impulse control, increased risk of crashes and risk-taking behavior in teens, increased reaction time on harsh-braking test.
- Insufficient sleep in about 25% of population.

29
Q

What are the functions of sleep?

A

Restoration: anabolic processed increased during sleep.
Energy Conservation: ATP levels increase during sleep.
Memory Consolidation: SWS improves declarative memory, REM improves procedural memory, sleep scores account for ~ 69% of variance in memory consolidation.

30
Q

What is synaptic resetting?

A

A function of sleep.

  • SWS suppresses synaptic connectivity
  • Most synapses silenced
  • Only strongest connections (learning) remain, emphasizing learning from the day.
31
Q

What are the hormones that stimulate wakefulness?

A

Histamine, dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, orexin/hypocretin: absence associated with narcolepsy, exogenous administration promotes waking, projects to other arousing networks.

32
Q

What hormones decrease wakefulness?

A

Adenosine: antagonized by caffeine

- GABA

33
Q

Where does the SCN project?

A

To hypothalamus, brainstem, and vagus nerve nucleus.

34
Q

What does mutation in DEC2 gene cause?

A

In <3% of population, allow full rest with less than 6 hours of sleep.

Clinical Neuroscience (8 decks)

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