Skull, Spine, Pelvis Text Projection Questions Flashcards
268 - This best describes which cranial projection?
A. PA 25-30° cephalad Haas method
B. Trauma AP axial reverse Caldwell method
C. PA axial Caldwell method
D. Trauma cross-table lateral
D. Trauma cross-table lateral
The patient lies supine during the trauma cross-table lateral cranial projection, with the IR positioned parallel to the MSP and perpendicular to the IPL and the CR pointed horizontally and perpendicular to the IR 2-inches superior to the EAM. When obtaining this projection, the radiographer must ensure the head is raised or the IR is placed below the posterior cranial level. This projection can be useful for showing the possible effects of trauma on air-fluid levels.
269 - When obtaining the trauma AP axial cranial projection with the patient supine, at what angle should the CR be directed cephalic to the MSP and nasion?
A. 25°
B. 10°
C. 15°
D. 37°
C. 15°
With the patient in a supine position, the trauma AP axial projection (reverse Caldwell) of the skull is obtained, with the IR positioned perpendicular to the MSP and orbitomeatal line and the CR directed 15° cephalic to the nasion and MSP.
270 - When obtaining a lateral projection of the facial bones, to which landmark should the CR be directed?
A. Halfway between the external auditory meatus and outer canthus
B. Perpendicular to the zygoma
C. Midpoint between the external auditory meatus and glabella
D. Parallel to the zygomatic arch
E. A and B
E. A and B
A lateral radiographic projection of the facial bones should show the MSP parallel to the IR and the CR oriented perpendicular to the zygoma, halfway between the EAM and outer canthus. If at all feasible, facial bone assessment should be performed with the subject standing in order to demonstrate the air-fluid levels. The interpupillary line should be positioned perpendicular to the IR.
271 - In the PA modified Waters projection of the facial bones, less hyperextension of the neck is required in contrast to the traditional Waters method. The patient should be positioned with the neck hyperextended so the orbitomeatal line is placed at what angle in relation to the IR?
A. 15°
B. 37°
C. 55°
D. 30°
C. 55°
In the PA modified Waters projection of the facial bones, less hyperextension of the neck is required in contrast to the traditional Waters method. The patient should be positioned with the neck hyperextended so the orbitomeatal line is placed at a 55° angle in relation to the IR, with perpendicular orientation of the CR toward the MSP exiting at the acanthion.
272 - Where is the CR directed in the Law projection of the temporomandibular joints?
A. 10° caudad through the TMJ nearest to the IR
B. 25° caudad through the TMJ furthest from the IR
C. 15° caudad through the TMJ nearest to the IR
D. 15° cephalic through the TMJ nearest to the IR
C. 15° caudad through the TMJ nearest to the IR
The IPL must be positioned perpendicular to the IR, the MSP must be oriented 15° anteriorly, and the CR must be directed 15° caudad through the TMJ nearest to the IR in order to perform the lateral radiographic projection of the TMJ, commonly known as the Law method.
273 - Which of the following best describes the appropriate method of acquiring the axiolateral modified Schuller projection of the temporomandibular joints?
A. CR tilted 15° caudad through the TMJ nearest to the IR; head positioned true lateral; MSP parallel to the IR; interpupillary line perpendicular to the IR
B. CR tilted 15° caudad through the TMJ nearest to the IR; head positioned true lateral; MSP perpendicular to the IR; interpupillary line parallel to the IR
C. CR tilted 25–30° caudad through the TMJ nearest to the IR; head positioned true lateral; MSP parallel to the IR; interpupillary line perpendicular to the IR
D. CR tilted 25–30° caudad through the TMJ nearest to the IR; head positioned true lateral; MSP perpendicular to the IR; interpupillary line parallel to the IR
C. CR tilted 25–30° caudad through the TMJ nearest to the IR; head positioned true lateral; MSP parallel to the IR; interpupillary line perpendicular to the IR
The head should be positioned true lateral, the MSP parallel to the IR, the interpupillary line perpendicular to the IR, and the CR oriented 25–30° caudad across the TMJ closest to the IR in order to obtain the axiolateral Schuller projection of the temporomandibular joints. Bilateral open and closed mouth views should be taken.
275 - The CR is oriented 30° caudad toward the MSP entering at which landmark in the AP axial Towne projection of the mandible?
A. Acanthion
B. Inion
C. Nasion
D. Glabella
D. Glabella
The CR is oriented 30° caudad to the MSP entering at the glabella in the AP axial Towne projection of the mandible. The fossa, rami, and mandibular condyloid process are most effectively represented by this projection.
276 - In the lateral projection of the nasal bones, to which location is the central ray directed?
A. Perpendicular to the IR, ½-in. superior to the acanthion
B. Perpendicular to the IR, ¾-in. inferior to the nasion
C. Perpendicular to the IR, ½-in. inferior to the acanthion
D. Perpendicular to the IR, ¾-in. superior to the nasion
B. Perpendicular to the IR, ¾-in. inferior to the nasion
The CR is oriented perpendicular to the imaging receptor 3/4-inch inferior to the nasion in the lateral projection of the nasal bones. The MSP is positioned parallel to the image receptor, and the interorbital line should be perpendicular to it.
277 - What is best demonstrated in the PA axial Caldwell nasal bone projection?
A. Roof of the nasal cavity
B. Medial or lateral displacement of the nasal bone
C. Bony nasal septum
D. Anterior nasal spine
C. Bony nasal septum
The patient’s position and CR direction in the PA axial Caldwell projection of the nasal bones are comparable to that of the PA Caldwell method for the skull. In this projection, the bony nasal septum is well demonstrated.
278 - Which orbital projection would best depict a blow-out fracture?
A. Rhese method
B. Waters method
C. Lateral
D. Caldwell projection
B. Waters method
The parietoacanthial Waters projection entails comparable patient placement and CR direction as the Waters technique used for facial bone imaging. The presence of a blow-out fracture and the inferior orbital margin are clearly demonstrated in this projection.
279 - Which projection of the paranasal sinuses primarily demonstrates the maxillary sinus?
A. PA axial
B. SMV
C. Parietoacanthial
D. Lateral
C. Parietoacanthial
The maxillary sinus is best demonstrated by the parietoacanthial Waters projection. The sphenoid sinus can also be assessed if this projection is acquired while the patient’s mouth is open. The frontal and ethmoid sinus groups are shown by the PA axial (Caldwell) projection; the anterior ethmoid and posterior sphenoid sinus groups are shown by the SMV (complete basal) projection; and all four sinus groups can be shown without superimposition by the lateral projection. All projections should be acquired while the patient is in an upright position to illustrate air-fluid levels.
281 - Which of the following most appropriately describes the proper method of acquiring an AP projection of the cervical spine?
A. 40” SID; CR angulation 15-20° caudal to the level of C4
B. 72” SID; CR angulation 15-20° cephalic to the level of C4
C. 40” SID; CR angulation 12-15° cephalic to the level of C5
D. 40” SID; CR angulation 15-20° cephalic to the level of C4
D. 40” SID; CR angulation 15-20° cephalic to the level of C4
A 40” SID and CR angulation of 15-20° cephalic toward the level of C4 are required for an AP projection of the cervical spine. The anterior aspect of the vertebral bodies and the intervertebral disc spaces are best illustrated by this view.
282 - At which vertebral level is the CR directed in order to acquire the lateral swimmers projection?
A. T1-T2
B. C6-C7
C. C5-C6
D. C7-T1
D. C7-T1
The patient should be positioned true lateral, with the arm nearest the Bucky elevated and the arm nearest the tube stretched downward, in order to obtain the swimmers view for a lateral display of the lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae. The CR should be directed midline at the C7-T1 level.
283 - For lateral images of the cervical spine in flexion and extension, where is the CR projected?
A. C4
B. C3
C. C6
D. C5
A. C4
Patient positioning should be true lateral, with the CR directed toward the level of C4, in order to obtain lateral flexion and extension images of the cervical spine. The top of the image receptor will be positioned roughly 2 inches superior to the external auditory meatus (EAM).
284 - What is the name of the imaging technique that evaluates the AP dens of the cervical spine?
A. Fuchs method
B. Swimmer’s technique
C. Grashey method
D. Ferguson method
A. Fuchs method
In order to obtain the AP dens projection of the cervical spine, the patient is positioned supine, and the MSP is positioned at the grid’s midline. The CR should be directed toward the neck along the MSP immediately distal to the tip of the chin, which should be extended until the point of the chin and the tip of the mastoid process are aligned vertically. This method, which depicts the dens inside the circular foramen magnum, is also known as the Fuchs method.
285 - Which approach explains the proper technique for obtaining the lateral projection of the thoracic spine?
A. CR oriented perpendicular to T6, breathing technique to blur ribs and lung tissues
B. CR directed orthogonal to T7, breathing technique to blur ribs and lung tissues
C. CR oriented perpendicular to T7, exposure acquisition upon deep expiration
D. CR directed perpendicular to T7, exposure acquisition upon deep inspiration
E. B and C
E. B and C
The patient should be positioned in a true lateral position with their arms extended superior to their head and with CR orientation perpendicular to the level of T7 to obtain the lateral projection of the thoracic spine. Image acquisition is achieved through use of a breathing technique that blurs the ribcage and lung tissues or by exposing upon deep expiration.
286 - For the purpose of evaluating the spinal column for scoliosis, which patient position is preferable to minimize radiation exposure to radiosensitive organs?
A. PA
B. AP
C. Lateral
D. A and B
E. B and C
A. PA
The Ferguson method, also known as the AP and PA scoliosis series of the spinal column, is useful for determining the degree of scoliosis in the spine and can be performed either supine or upright. To lessen radiation exposure to radiosensitive organs, the PA projection is recommended. The IR height should be adjusted to include 1-inch of the iliac crests.
287 - Which lumbar spine projection permits assessment for spondylolisthesis?
A. RAO/LAO
B. L5-S1 spot lateral
C. AP axial
D. AP right and left bending
E. AP/PA
B. L5-S1 spot lateral
Spondylolisthesis, a forward slippage of the lumbar vertebrae that typically occurs at the L5-S1 joint space, can be evaluated using the lateral and L5-S1 spot lateral projections of the lumbar spinal column.
288 - An AP axial projection of the lumbar spine is a useful tool for visualizing the L5-S1 joint space. Which CR angulation is appropriate?
A. 25-30° caudal CR angulation to the L5-S1 intervertebral joint space
B. 30-35° cephalic CR angulation to the L5-S1 intervertebral joint space
C. 30-35° caudal CR angulation to the L5-S1 intervertebral joint space
D. 20-25° cephalic CR angulation to the L4-L5 intervertebral joint space
B. 30-35° cephalic CR angulation to the L5-S1 intervertebral joint space
An AP axial projection of the lumbar spine provides a clear illustration of the L5-S1 joint region. It is recommended to use a 30-35° cephalic CR angulation directed toward the L5-S1 intervertebral joint region.
289 - The patient should be turned 45 degrees in order to obtain an oblique projection of the lumbar spine. The zygapophyseal joints and articular facets closest to the IR are visible on the posterior oblique radiograph, which assumes a “Scotty dog” appearance. The neck of the Scotty dog represents what anatomical structure?
A. Superior articulating process
B. Inferior articulating process
C. Pedicle
D. Pars interarticularis
D. Pars interarticularis
The patient should be rotated 45° in order to obtain an oblique projection of the lumbar spine. The zygapophyseal joints and articular facets closest to the IR are visible on the posterior oblique radiograph, which assumes a “Scotty dog” appearance. The pars interarticularis is represented by the neck of the Scotty dog. The transverse process is represented by the nose, and the pedicle by the eye. The superior articulating process is represented by the ear of the Scotty dog. The inferior articulating process is symbolized by the leg.
290 - Which positioning device can be applied when obtaining a lumbar spine oblique radiograph?
A. Traction strap
B. Angular bolster
C. Polyfoam block
D. Sandbag
B. Angular bolster
When positioning a patient for the acquisition of an oblique lumbar spine radiograph, an angular bolster, or wedge, is helpful, especially one that provides a 45° angle.
291 - What CR angulation is necessary for an AP projection of the sacrum?
A. 10° caudal
B. 15° caudal
C. 10° cephalic
D. 15° cephalic
D. 15° cephalic
The CR is tilted 15° cephalic along the MSP to a point halfway between the ASIS and symphysis pubis for an AP projection of the sacrum. The SI joints and sacral foramina are visible in this projection.
292 - For an AP projection of the coccyx, what CR angulation is needed?
A. 15° caudal
B. 10° caudal
C. 15° cephalic
D. 10° cephalic
B. 10° caudal
To obtain an AP radiograph of the coccyx, the CR is tilted 10° caudal along the MSP to a location 2 inches superior to the symphysis pubis.
293 - In the lateral view of the sacrum and coccyx, where should the CR be projected?
A. 3 inches posterior to the anterior surface of the body and to the level of the ASIS
B. 3 inches anterior to the posterior surface of the body and to the level of the ASIS
C. 4 inches anterior to the posterior surface of the body and to the level of the symphysis pubis
D. 2 inches posterior to the anterior surface of the body and to the level of the symphysis pubis
B. 3 inches anterior to the posterior surface of the body and to the level of the ASIS
The patient is positioned in a true lateral position, and to obtain a radiograph of the lateral sacrum and coccyx, the CR is aimed perpendicular to the IR to the level of the ASIS and 3 inches anterior to the posterior surface of the body.
294 - Which of the following involves fluoroscopic assessment of the spinal canal?
A. Pyelogram
B. Cystourethrogram
C. Myelogram
D. Hysterosalpingogram
C. Myelogram
After intrathecal injection of contrast media, a myelogram is an imaging procedure used to assess the subarachnoid spaces within the spinal canal.
295 - Which CR angulation is appropriate for an AP axial projection of the sacroiliac joints in a female patient?
A. 15°
B. 35°
C. 25°
D. 30°
B. 35°
For males, a CR angulation of 30° cephalic should be employed to obtain the AP axial projection of the sacroiliac (SI) joints, and for females, 35° cephalic. The central ray is oriented to the MSP 2 inches superior to the symphysis pubis.
296 - Which radiographic projection most effectively illustrates the sacroiliac joint that is farthest from the IR?
A. Posterior oblique
B. AP axial
C. Anterior oblique
D. B and C
A. Posterior oblique
The different characteristics of the SI joints can be illustrated using the posterior and anterior oblique projections of the SI joints. The side of interest that is closest to the IR is shown by the anterior obliques, while the posterior oblique projections demonstrate the SI joint that is farthest from the IR.
297 - In what position should the patient be placed for a conventional AP hip projection?
A. Supine, 15° internal rotation of the leg
B. Upright, toes rotated inward 10°
C. Supine, 15° external rotation of the leg
D. Supine, 10° internal rotation of the leg
A. Supine, 15° internal rotation of the leg
With the injured foot and leg internally rotated 15°, the patient should lie supine for a conventional AP hip projection.
298 - For a standard AP hip projection, where is the CR directed?
A. Orthogonal to the IR, 2-in. anterior to the center of the imaginary line connecting the ASIS and symphysis pubis
B. Perpendicular to the IR, 2.5-in inferior to the center of the imaginary line connecting the iliac crest and symphysis pubis
C. Orthogonal to the IR, 1.5-in. distal to the center of the imaginary line connecting the ASIS and symphysis pubis
D. Perpendicular to the IR, 2.5-in. distal to the center of the imaginary line connecting the ASIS and symphysis pubis
D. Perpendicular to the IR, 2.5-in. distal to the center of the imaginary line connecting the ASIS and symphysis pubis
With the affected foot and leg internally rotated 15° to place the femoral neck and hip in true AP position, the patient rests supine in order to obtain the conventional AP projection of the hip. A location 2.5 inches distal to the center of the imaginary line connecting the symphysis pubis and ASIS is where the CR should be directed in a perpendicular manner to the IR.
299 - What topographic landmark does A represent?
A - Iliac Crest
B - ASIS
C - Ischium
D - Symphysis Pubis
A - Iliac Crest
Answer Key:
A. represents the Iliac Crest
B. represents the Pelvic Acetabulum
C. corresponds to the Ischium;
D. illustrates the Symphysis Pubis.
300 - In the pelvic AP projection, where is the CR directed?
A. Perpendicular to the MSP, 2-in. superior to the iliac crest
B. Parallel to the MSP, 2-in. superior to the symphysis pubis
C. Perpendicular to the MSP, 2-in. superior to the symphysis pubis
D. Orthogonal to the MSP, 1.5-in. inferior to the symphysis pubis
C. Perpendicular to the MSP, 2-in. superior to the symphysis pubis
To overcome the anteversion of the femoral necks, the bilateral feet and legs should be rotated 15° medially in the AP projection of the pelvis. The CR is positioned two inches above the symphysis pubis and perpendicular to the MSP.
302 - What is the nomenclature given to the axiolateral inferosuperior projection that is performed in cases where bilateral hip fractures are suspected?
A. Inlet projection
B. Clements-Nakayama method
C. Danelius-Miller method
D. Judet method
B. Clements-Nakayama method
The Clements-Nakayama method is another name for the axiolateral inferosuperior projection used in situations where there may be bilateral hip fractures. The grid is tilted back by about 15° and adjusted parallel to the femoral neck, while the patient’s limbs stay in a neutral position. The CR is then oriented perpendicular to the femoral neck and IR, 15° posteriorly.
