Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SKULL POSITIONING > SKULL PROJECTIONS AND METHODS > Flashcards

SKULL PROJECTIONS AND METHODS Flashcards

1
Q

Angle differences between:
1. OML and IOML
2. OML and GML
3. IOML and AML

A
  1. 7 degrees
  2. 8 degrees
  3. 15 degrees
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

-Average shape of Skull
-Oval in shape
-Wider in back than in front
-6 inches (15 cm) between parietal eminence or side to side
-7 inches (18 cm) from frontal eminence to inion or front to back
-9 inches (23 cm) from vertex to chin (submental region)
-Petrous Pyramid forms an angle of 45 to 47 degrees to the MSP

A

MESOCEPHALIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

-Wider in diameter (transversely) - CASSETTE CROSSWISE
-Short from front to back
-Broad from side to side
-Shallow from vertex to base
-Petrous pyramid forms an angle of 54 degrees to the MSP
-Width is 80% or greater than the length

A

BRACHYCEPHALIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

-Longer in vertical dimension - CASSETTE LENGTHWISE
-Head is long from front to back
-Narrow from side to side
-Deep from vertex to base
-Petrous Pyramid forms an angle of 40 degrees to the MSP
-The width is less than 75% of the length

A

DOLICHOCEPHALIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lateral Projection of the Cranium
CR?
Px Position?

A

Perpendicular 2 inches (5 cm) SUPERIOR to the EAM

IPL is
PERPENDICULAR to
the cassette

SEATED-UPRIGHT or SEMIPRONE or SUPINE
AFFECTED side is closer to the IR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lateral Projection of the Cranium (Dorsal Decubitus)
Method?

A

ROBINSON, MEARES,
and GOREE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

PA Projection of the Cranium
CR?
Px Position?

A

Perpendicular to EXIT
the NASION

OML is
PERPENDICULAR to
the cassette

Prone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

PA Axial Projection of the Cranium
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

CALDWELL METHOD

CALDWELL - exit NASION at an angle of 15 degrees CAUDAD

For demonstration of superior orbital fissures: CR THROUGH ORBITS at 20 to 25 degrees CAUDAD

For demonstration of rotundum foramina, CR THROUGH NASION at 25 to 30 degrees CAUDAD

OML is PERPENDICULAR to the cassette

Prone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

AP OR AP AXIAL PROJECTION of the Cranium (Not Method)
CR? (15 degrees)
Px Position?

A

PERPENDICULAR Perpendicular through the NASION or (AP)
at an angle of 15 degrees CEPHALAD (AP AXIAL)

OML is PERPENDICULAR to
the cassette

Supine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

AP AXIAL PROJECTION of the Cranium (Method)
CR?
Px Position?
If cannot flex the neck?

A

TOWNE’S/ CHAMBERLAINE/ GRASHEY METHOD
Foramen magnum at a CAUDAL angle of 30 degrees to OML or 37 degrees to IOML.
Enters approx 2 ½ inches (6.3 cm) above the glabella and passes through the level of the EAM

OML is PERPENDICULAR to
the cassette.

If cannot flex the neck, IOML should be perpendicular and increase angulation of CR by 7 degrees
(difference of both)

Supine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

PA AXIAL PROJECTION of the Cranium
Method? (Reverse of Water’s)
CR?
Px Position?

A

HAAS METHOD

CEPHALAD angle of 25 degrees to enter a point 1 ½ inches below external occipital protuberance (inion) and to exit approximately 1 ½ inches superior to the nasion

OML is PERPENDICULAR to the cassette

Prone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

SUBMENTOVERTICAL PROJECTION of the Cranial Base
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

SCHULLER/ PFEIFFER METHOD

Directed through the sella turcica PERPENDICULAR to the IOML. CR enters the MSP of the throat between the angles of the mandible and passes through a point ¾ inch ANTERIOR to the level of the EAMs

IOML PARALLEL to the cassette.
Rest the head on the vertex

Supine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

VERTICOSUBMENTAL
PROJECTION of the Cranial Base
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

SCHULLER METHOD
Directed through the sella turcica PERPENDICULAR to the IOML. CR passes through a point ¾ inch ANTERIOR to the level of the EAMs

Patient’s chin fully
extended

Prone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

PA AXIAL PROJECTION of the CRANIAL, SELLA TURCICA, AND EAR
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

VALDINI METHOD

Perpendicular to the cassette at a level slightly above EAM

IOML forms 50 degrees with the cassette for demonstration of the labyrinths, internal acoustic canals and dorsum sella (I-LID)

OML forms 50 degrees with the cassette for bony part of auditory tubes, and external acoustic canals, tympanic cavities (O-BET)

Head rested on the frontal region (duko*)

PRONE or SEATED-UPRIGHT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

LATERAL PROJECTION of the Sella Turcica
CR?
Px Position?

A

Perpendicular to a point ¾ inch ANTERIOR and ¾ inch SUPERIOR to the EAM

MSP PARALLEL and IP is PERPENDICULAR to the cassette

IOML PARALLEL with the transverse axis of the cassette

SEMI PRONE or SEATED-UPRIGHT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

AP AXIAL PROJECTION of the SELLA TURCICA, DORSUM SELLAE, POSTERIOR CLINOID PROCESSES
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

TOWNE’s METHOD

Directed to MSP, entering the upper forehead and passing through the head at the level of the EAM

37 degree CAUDAL angulation to IOML - projects the dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes within the foramen magnum

30 degree CAUDAL angulation ray to IOML - projects the dorsum and tuberculum sellae and the anterior clinoid processes through occipital bone above the level of foramen magnum

IOML PERPENDICULAR to the cassette

SEATED UPRIGHT or SUPINE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

PA AXIAL PROJECTION of the SELLA TURCICA, DORSUM SELLAE, POSTERIOR CLINOID PROCESSES

A

Directed 10 degrees CEPHALAD to the glabella

MSP and OML is PERPENDICULAR to the cassette

PRONE or SEATED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

PARIETOORBITAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the OPTIC CANAL AND FORAMEN
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

RHESE METHOD

Perpendicular to 1 inch SUPERIOR AND POSTERIOR to the upside TEA. the CR exits through the affected orbit closest to the cassette

AML perpendicular to the cassette
MSP forms 53 degrees to the cassette

SEMI PRONE or SEATED-UPRIGHT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ORBITOPARIETAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the OPTIC CANAL AND FORAMEN
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

RHESE

Perpendicular to enter the uppermost orbit at its inferior and lateral quadrant

AML perpendicular to the cassette MSP forms 53 degrees to the cassette

SEATED-UPRIGHT or SUPINE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

PARIETO ORBITAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the SPHENOID STRUT
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

HOUGH METHOD

Directed 7 degrees CAUDAD to exit affected orbit

IOML PERPENDICULAR to the cassette

MSP is rotated 20 degrees towards the side being examined

Prone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

PA AXIAL PROJECTION of SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURES
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

CALDWELL METHOD
Directed to the MSP at an angle of 20 to 25 degrees CAUDAD and exiting at the level of the inferior margin of the orbit

MSP and OML is PERPENDICULAR

Prone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

PA AXIAL PROJECTION of the INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURES Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

BERTEL METHOD

Directed at an angle of 20 to 25 degrees CEPHALAD and exiting the nasion. CR enters the midline approximately 3 inches below the external occipital protuberance

MSP and IOML is perpendicular to the cassette

Prone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

LATERAL PROJECTION of the EYE
CR?
Px Position?

A

Perpendicular through the outer canthus

MSP of head is PARALLEL with the cassette
IP is PERPENDICULAR to the cassette

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

PA AXIAL PROJECTION of the EYE
CR?
Px Position?

A

Through the center of the orbits at a CAUDAL angulation of 30 degrees

OML PERPENDICULAR to the cassette

Prone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

PARIETOACANTHIAL PROJECTION of the EYE
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

MODIFIED WATERS METHOD

Perpendicular through the midorbits

MSP PERPENDICULAR to the cassette

OML forms 50 degrees with the plane of the cassette

Prone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

-Used to demonstrate the eyeball free from the superimposition of bones (2 TANGENTIAL PROJECTIONS involved)
-detect small or low density foreign body
-no device used (2 movements of the eye/s: Vertical and Horizontal
-made on standard periapical or occlusal size dental film

A

VOGT BONE FREE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

-Uses mathematical computation to determine the exact location of the foreign body in the eye
-one of the most common
-same with Water’s

A

SWEET METHOD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

-It makes use of the gilded or leaded contact lenses placed directly over the cornea (intraorbital and intraocular) where it has 4 holes spaced at 90 degrees intervals that
serves as a marker indicator to estimate the location of the foreign body
-most common
-same with Water’s
APPARATUS:
-Contact lens localization device
-Pedestal type of film holder

A

PFIEFFER-COMBERG METHOD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

-Utilizes fluoroscopy to search for the foreign body found in the orbits

A

PARALLAX METHOD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

LATERAL PROJECTION of the FACIAL BONES
CR?
Px Position?

A

Perpendicular & entering the lateral surface of the ZYGOMATIC BONE halfway between the OUTER CANTHUS and EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS (EAM)

MSP of head is PARALLEL with the IR
IP is PERPENDICULAR to the IR
IOML is PARALLEL with the TRANSVERSE AXIS of IR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

FACIAL PROFILE - LATERAL PROJECTION

A

Perpendicular to the LATERAL surface of the ZYGOMATIC bone and HALFWAY between the outer canthus and the EAM

MSP is PARALLEL
IP is PERPENDICULAR to
the IR
IOML is PARALLEL
with the TRANSVERSE
AXIS of IR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

PARIETOACANTHIAL PROJECTION of the FACIAL BONES
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

WATERS/ MAHONY’S METHOD

Enters the vertex in the parietal region & PERPENDICULAR to EXIT the ACANTHION

OML forms 37 degrees with the plane of IR
MSP is PERPENDICULAR to the cassette

Prone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

MODIFIED PARIETOACANTHIAL PROJECTION of the FACIAL BONES
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

MODIFIED WATERS METHOD

Enters the vertex in the parietal region & PERPENDICULAR to EXIT the ACANTHION

OML forms 55 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Used to show blow out fractures

A

SHALLOW WATERS

MODIFIED WATERS METHOD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

ACANTHIOPARIETAL PROJECTION of the FACIAL BONES
Method?
CR?
For Trauma?
Px Position?

A

REVERSE WATERS METHOD

Perpendicular to ENTER the ACANTHION and exits in PARIETAL region

For TRAUMA Px: CR adjusted so that it will be PARALLEL with the MML

OML forms 37 degrees

OML forms 30 degrees (for TRAUMA patients)

MML is approximately PERPENDICULAR to the cassette

MSP is PERPENDICULAR

Supine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

LATERAL PROJECTION of the NASAL BONES
CR?
Px Position?

A

Perpendicular to the bridge of the nose at point ½ inch (1.3 cm) DISTAL to the NASION

MSP is PARALLEL

IP is PERPENDICULAR to
the IR

IOML is PARALLEL with the transverse axis of the IR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

TANGENTIAL PROJECTION of the Nasal Bones
(IntraOral Cassette)
CR?
Px Position?

A

PARALLEL to the GLABELLOALVEOLAR line and PERPENDICULAR to the plane of IR

MSP is VERTICAL and GLABELLOALVEOLAR line is HORIZONTAL

Rest head on table or elevate it w/ a sponge
Insert a film packet approx. 1 inch into the mouth

38
Q

TANGENTIAL PROJECTION of the Nasal Bones
(ExtraOral Cassette)
CR?
Px Position?

A

PARALLEL to the GLABELLOALVEOLAR line and PERPENDICULAR to the plane of IR

GLABELLOALVEOLAR line is PERPENDICULAR to the IR
MSP is PERPENDICULAR

Have chin supported by a sandbag

39
Q

SUBMENTOVERTICAL PROJECTION of the ZYGOMATIC ARCHES
CR?
Px Position?

A

Perpendicular to the IOML & entering the MSP of the throat at a level of approx 1 inch POSTERIOR to the OUTER CANTHI

Place IOML as nearly as PARALLEL to the plane of the IR as possible

MSP is PERPENDICULAR

Rest head on VERTEX

40
Q

TANGENTIAL PROJECTION of the ZYGOMATIC ARCHES
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

MAY METHOD

Perpendicular to the IOML and through the ZYGOMATIC ARCH at a point approx 1 ½ inches POSTERIOR to the OUTER CANTHUS
IOML is PARALLEL as possible to IR MSP is 15 degrees AWAY from the side being EXAMINED

PRONE or SEATED

41
Q

AP PROJECTION of the ZYGOMATIC ARCHES
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

MODIFIED TOWNE METHOD

Directed to enter the GLABELLA approx. 1 inch ABOVE the NASION

30 degrees CAUDAD

37 degrees CAUDAD
(if Px is unable to flex the neck sufficiently, adjust IOML perpendicularly)

OML & MSP is PERPENDICULAR to IR

Supine

41
Q

PA PROJECTION of the ZYGOMATIC ARCHES
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

MODIFIED TITTERINGTON METHOD

entering the VERTEX midway between the ZYGOMATIC ARCHES 23 to 38 degrees CAUDAL

MSP is PERPENDICULAR to IR

Rest the Px nose and
chin

PRONE

42
Q

AP AXIAL PROJECTION of the MANDIBULAR SYMPHYSIS
CR?
Px Position?

A

center to the MANDIBULAR SYMPHYSIS (midway between the lips and the tip of the chin)

40 to 45 degrees CAUDAD POSTERIOR

MSP of head is PERPENDICULAR to IR

43
Q

PA PROJECTION of the MANDIBULAR RAMI
CR?
Px Position?

A

Perpendicular to exit the ACANTHION

OML PERPENDICULAR to IR
MSP is PERPENDICULAR

forehead & nose is in contact with the IR

44
Q

PA AXIAL PROJECTION of the MANDIBULAR RAMI
CR?
Px Position?

A

center to exit at the ACANTHION

20 or 25 degrees CEPHALAD

MSP or OML PERPENDICULAR to the plane of IR

forehead & nose is in contact with the IR

45
Q

PA PROJECTION of the MANDIBULAR BODY
CR?
Px Position?

A

Perpendicular to the level of the lips

MSP is PERPENDICULAR to IR

nose & chin is in contact with the IR

Prone

46
Q

PA AXIAL PROJECTION of the MANDIBULAR BODY
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

ZANELLI METHOD

Directed MIDWAY between the TMJ

30 degrees CEPHALAD

MSP is PERPENDICULAR to IR

nose & chin is in contact with the IR

47
Q

AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the MANDIBLE
(RAMUS)
CR?
Px Position?

A

Pass directly through the MANDIBULAR region of interest

enters slightly POSTERIORLY to the
MANDIBULAR ANGLE on the side FARTHEST from the film

25 degrees CEPHALAD
IPL is PERPENDICULAR

keep the head in TRUE LATERAL POSITION

48
Q

AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the MANDIBLE
(BODY)
CR?
Px Position?

A

Pass directly through the MANDIBULAR region of interest

enters slightly POSTERIORLY to the
MANDIBULAR ANGLE on the side FARTHEST from the film

25 degrees CEPHALAD
IPL is PERPENDICULAR

rotate head 30 degrees TOWARD the IR

49
Q

AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the MANDIBLE
(SYMPHYSIS)
CR?
Px Position?

A

Pass directly through the MANDIBULAR region of interest

enters slightly POSTERIORLY to the
MANDIBULAR ANGLE on the side FARTHEST from the film

25 degrees CEPHALAD
IPL is PERPENDICULAR

rotate the Px head 45 degrees TOWARD the IR

50
Q

SUBMENTOVERTICAL PROJECTION (SMV) of the MANDIBLE
CR?
Px Position?

A

Perpendicular to the IOML & centered midway between the angles of the MANDIBLE

IOML is PARALLEL as possible

51
Q

VERTICOSUBMENTAL of the MANDIBLE
CR?
Px Position?

A

Directed through the MSP & entering at the level just POSTERIOR to the OUTER CANTHI

PERPENDICULAR to either the IOML
or the OCCLUSAL PLANE

MSP is VERTICAL & IOML PARALLEL to IR

52
Q

AP AXIAL PROJECTION of the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR ARTICULATIONS
CR?
Px Position?

A

centered midway between the TMJ entering at a point approx. 3 inches ABOVE the NASION

35 degrees CAUDAD

MSP of head is PERPENDICULAR to the IR

OML is PERPENDICULAR to the IR

53
Q

AXIOLATERAL PROJECTION of the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR ARTICULATIONS
CR?
Px Position?

A

about ½ inch ANTERIOR and 2 inches SUPERIOR to the upside EAM

25 to 30 degrees CAUDAD

MSP is PARALLEL with the plane of IR

IP is PERPENDICULAR to the IR

54
Q

AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR ARTICULATIONS
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

MODIFIED LAW METHOD

exits through the TMJ closest to the IR
(CR enters about 1 ½ inches SUPERIOR to the upside EAM)

15 degrees CAUDAD

MSP of head approx 15 degrees TOWARD the IR
IP is PERPENDICULAR to the IR
AML is PARALLEL to the transverse axis of IR

55
Q

LATERAL PROJECTION of the PARANASAL SINUSES
CR?
Px Position?

A

PERPENDICULAR and entering the head ½ to 1 inch posterior to the outer canthus

MSP of the head is PARALLEL with the plane of the cassette.
IP is PERPENDICULAR to the cassette.
IOML is PARALLEL with the transverse axis of the cassette

56
Q

PA AXIAL PROJECTION of the FRONTAL AND ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL SINUSES (Angled grid
technique)
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

CALDWELL METHOD

Directed HORIZONTALLY to exit the NASION.

Tilt vertical grid 15 degrees

Rest the patient’s nose and forehead on the vertical grid device, and center the nasion to the IR.
MSP and OML of patient’s head is PERPENDICULAR to the cassette

57
Q

PA AXIAL PROJECTION of the FRONTAL AND ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL SINUSES (Vertical grid
technique)
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

CALDWELL METHOD

Directed HORIZONTALLY to exit the NASION.

OML forms an angle of 15 degrees with the horizontal central ray.

Extend the patient’s neck slightly, rest the tip of the nose on the grid device, and center the nasion to the IR.

MSP of the patient’s head is PERPENDICULAR to the plane of the IR

58
Q

PARIETOACANTHIAL PROJECTION of the MAXILLARY SINUSES
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

WATERS METHOD

PERPENDICULAR to the cassette and exiting the acanthion

Enters the vertex

OML 37 degrees to the plane of cassette

MML is approximately perpendicular to the cassette

59
Q

PARIETOACANTHIAL PROJECTION of the MAXILLARY SINUSES (OPEN-MOUTH)
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

OPEN-MOUTH WATERS
METHOD/ PIRIE METHOD

PERPENDICULAR to the cassette and exiting the acanthion

Enters the vertex

OML 37 degrees to the plane of cassette

MML is NOT perpendicular to the cassette

60
Q

SUBMENTOVERTICAL PROJECTION of the ETHMOIDAL AND SPHENOIDAL SINUSES
CR?
Px Position?

A

PERPENDICULAR to the IOML through the sella turcica, entering on the MSP approximately ¾ inch anterior to the level of the EAM

MSP is perpendicular to the cassette

61
Q

PA PROJECTION of the POSTERIOR ETHMOIDAL SINUSES
CR?
Px Position?

A

PERPENDICULAR to the IR centered to EXIT at the NASION

Enters the external occipital protuberance

MSP and OML is PERPENDICULAR to the plane of the cassette

Center the NASION to the IR, rest
the patient’s forehead and nose on the grid device

62
Q

PA PROJECTION of the SPHENOIDAL SINUSES
CR?
Px Position?

A

10 degrees CEPHALAD, passing through the sphenoidal sinuses exiting the glabella OR

tilt the head unit
down so that an angle of 10
degrees is obtained, and direct
the central ray horizontally

Center the GLABELLA to the IR, rest the patient’s forehead and nose on the grid device

OML is PERPENDICULAR to the IR

63
Q

PA PROJECTION of the MAXILLARY SINUSES
CR?
Px Position?

A

PERPENDICULAR to the IR, exiting midway between the infraorbital margins and the acanthion

OML is PERPENDICULAR to
the IR

64
Q

AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the PETROMASTOID PORTION
Method? (Double-Tube Angulation)
CR?
Px Position?

A

ORIGINAL LAW METHOD (Double-Tube Angulation)

entering approximately 2 inches posterior to, and 2 inches above, the uppermost EAM and exits the DOWNSIDE mastoid process

15 degrees CAUDAD and 15 degrees ANTERIORLY Double-Tube Angulation

IP PERPENDICULAR to the cassette

IOML and MSP PARALLEL to the plane of the cassette.

65
Q

AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the PETROMASTOID PORTION
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

MODIFIED LAW METHOD (Single-Tube Angulation)

CR enters approx 2 inches POSTERIOR to, and 2 inches superior, to the UPPERMOST EAM 15 degrees CAUDAD

IOML is PARALLEL and IP is
PERPENDICULAR to the cassette

MSP of head is 15 degrees toward the cassette.

66
Q

AXIOLATERAL PROJECTION of the PETROMASTOID PORTION
Method? (3 Methods)
CR?
Px Position?

A

HENSCHEN, SCHULLER, AND LYSHOLM METHODS

HENSCHEN METHOD: 15 degrees CAUDAD

SCHULLER METHOD: 25 degrees CAUDAD

LYSHOLM/ RUNSTROM II METHOD: 35 degrees CAUDAD

MSP of the head is in PARALLEL with the plane of the cassette.

IP is PERPENDICULAR to the cassette.

IOML is PARALLEL to the cassette.

67
Q

AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the PETROMASTOID PORTION (Posterior profile)
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

STENVERS METHOD

3 to 4 inches POSTERIOR and ½ inch INFERIOR to the upside EAM and EXITS about 1 inch anterior to the downside EAM

12 degrees CEPHALAD

IOML PARALLEL to the transverse axis of the cassette.

MSP 45 degrees to the plane of the cassette.

Rest head on the forehead, nose, and cheek w/ the side being examined CLOSEST to the cassette

68
Q

AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the PETROMASTOID PORTION (Anterior profile)
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

ARCELIN METHOD

1 inch ANTERIOR to EAM and ¾ inch ABOVE it

10 degrees CAUDAD IOML PERPENDICULAR to the cassette.

Rotate patient head away from side being examined so the MSP is 45 degrees with the plane of the cassette.

69
Q

AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the PETROMASTOID PORTION (MAYER METHOD)
CR?
Px Position?

A

Directed at an angle of 45 degrees CAUDAD to exit the EAM closest to the cassette.

MSP of head is 45 degrees, side of interest is closest to the
cassette.

The petrous pyramid is perpendicular to the cassette

IOML is PARALLEL with the transverse axis of the cassette

70
Q

MODIFICATIONS OF MAYER METHOD

A

OWEN MODIFICATIONS

Pendergrass, Schaeffer, and Hodes: Total 38 degrees caudally
CR 28 degrees CAUDALLY and Tabletop IR and head 10 degrees CAUDALLY

MSP 40 degrees

Etter and Cross: 25 to 30 degrees CAUDALLY

MSP 30 degrees

Compere: 30 degrees CAUDALLY

MSP 30 to 45 degrees

71
Q

AP AXIAL PROJECTION of the PETROMASTOID PORTION
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

TOWNE METHOD

CR enters approximately 2 ½ inches ABOVE the nasion and passes through at the level of EAMs.

30 degrees CAUDALLY to OML or 37
degrees to the IOML.

MSP and OML PERPENDICULAR

72
Q

SUBMENTOVERTICAL PROJECTION of the PETROMASTOID PORTION
CR?
Px Position?

A

PERPENDICULAR to OML and centered to the sagittal plane of the throat at the level of EAMs.

OML is PARALLEL to the IR
MSP PERPENDICULAR to the grid

73
Q

SUBMENTOVERTICAL PROJECTION of the PETROMASTOID PORTION (HIRTZ MODIFICATION)
CR?
Px Position?

A

midway between and 1 inch ANTERIOR to the EAMs at an ANTERIOR angle of 5 degrees.

OML is PARALLEL to the IR
MSP PERPENDICULAR to the grid

74
Q

AP TANGENTIAL PROJECTION of the MASTOID PROCESS
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

HICKEY METHOD

PERPENDICULAR 1 inch SUPERIOR to palpable tip
of the mastoid. Entering the anterior border of the mastoid process

Tilt the vertical grid device 15 degrees.

IOML is PERPENDICULAR to the front edge of the cassette

Rotate patient’s face AWAY from side being examined until

MSP is 55 degrees with the plane of the cassette

75
Q

PA TANGENTIAL PROJECTION of the MASTOID PROCESS
CR?
Px Position?

A

PERPENDICULAR 1 inch SUPERIOR to the palpable tip of the mastoid process. Entering the posterior border of the mastoid

IOML is PERPENDICULAR to the
plane of the cassette

Tilt the grid or cassette 15 degrees

Rotate face AWAY from side being examined until MSP is 55 degrees to the plane of the cassette.

76
Q

AP PROJECTION of the STYLOID PROCESS
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

FUCHS METHOD

PERPENDICULAR to head through the MSP and PARALLEL with a line extending through the EAMs

Angle the top of the grid device 13 degrees downward toward the patient.

MSP and AML is PERPENDICULAR to the plane of cassette

OPEN MOUTH

77
Q

PA AXIAL PROJECTION of the STYLOID PROCESS
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

CAHOON METHOD

Directed to NASION

25 degrees cephalad

MSP and OML are PERPENDICULAR to cassette

Rest the patient’s forehead and nose on the grid device

78
Q

AP OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the STYLOID PROCESS
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

WIGBY-TAYLOR METHOD

along a line passing approximately ¼ inch distal to the tip of the mastoid process of the side adjacent to cassette
8 degrees CEPHALAD (Rotate the

MSP of head 12 degrees toward the side being examined)

OPEN MOUTH

79
Q

AXIOLATERAL PROJECTION of the STYLOID PROCESS
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

FUCHS METHOD

Directed to the EAM closest to the cassette

10 degrees CEPHALAD and 10 degrees anteriorly.

MSP is PARALLEL with the plane of the cassette.

IP is PERPENDICULAR to
the cassette.

AML is PARALLEL

OPEN MOUTH

80
Q

SUBMENTOVERTICAL AXIAL PROJECTION of the JUGULAR FORAMINA
Methods

A

KEMP-HARPER METHOD

ERASO MODIFICATION

81
Q

SUBMENTOVERTICAL AXIAL PROJECTION of the JUGULAR FORAMINA (KEMP-HARPER METHOD)
CR?
Px Position?

A

Directed 1 inch DISTAL to the mandibular symphysis at a 20 degree POSTERIOR angle

OML is PARALLEL with the plane of the cassette
MSP is PERPENDICULAR to cassette

82
Q

SUBMENTOVERTICAL AXIAL PROJECTION of the JUGULAR FORAMINA (ERASO
MODIFICATION)
CR?
Px Position?

A

PERPENDICULAR to midpoint of cassette approximately 2 inches distal mandibular symphysis.

OML at 25 degrees with the cassette
MSP is PERPENDICULAR

83
Q

AP AXIAL PROJECTION of the JUGULAR FORAMINA
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

CHAUSSE II METHOD

Enters through the OPEN MOUTH at an angle of 25 degrees CEPHALAD

AML at an angle of 10 degrees superior from the vertical.
Rotate MSP of head 10 degrees toward the side being examined

84
Q

AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

MILLER METHOD

enter 1 inch directly ANTERIOR to, and ½ inch INFERIOR to, the level of the EAM on the side farthest from the cassette

12 degrees CAUDAD
IOML is PARALLEL with the transverse axis of the cassette.
Rotate MSP of the head 45 degrees AWAY from the side being examined

OPEN mouth

85
Q

INFEROSUPERIOR TRANSFACIAL

A

30 degrees cephalad to the inferior angle of the mandible

IPL is 10 to 15 degrees from the IR

86
Q

OBLIQUE TRANSFACIAL

A

ZANELLI METHOD

Perpendicular to the mandibular angle

Rest the cheek against the IR

MSP 30 degrees to the IR

AML is parallel

87
Q

LATERAL TRANSFACIAL

A

ALBERS-SCHONBERG

20 degrees cephalad

Semi Prone

MSP is parallel

IPL is perpendicular

IOML parallel to the transverse axis of the film

88
Q

GRANGER METHOD 23

A

23 degrees caudally to the IOML

Prone

Forehead touching the table

89
Q

GRANGER METHOD 17

A

17 degrees cephalad to the IOML

Prone

Forehead touching the table

SKULL POSITIONING (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions