Skull and Mandible Development

Question 1

How many cranial bones are there

Answer 1

8 cranial bones

Question 2

How many facial bones are there

Answer 2

14 facial bones

Question 3

What are the MAIN cranial bones?

Answer 3

Frontal - 1
Occipital - 1
Parietal - 2
Temporal - 2

Question 4

What are the MAIN facial bones?

Answer 4

Nasal - 2
Zygomatic - 2
Maxilla - 1
Mandible - 1

Question 5

What embryonic structure does the eye come from

Answer 5

optic placode

Question 6

what structure does the nose, philtrum, and forehead come from

Answer 6

frontonasal prominence

Question 7

what structure does the nose come from

Answer 7

nasal or olfactory placode

Question 8

what structure does the stomadeum become

Answer 8

oral cavity

Question 9

what early structures come from pharyngeal arch 1

Answer 9

maxillary and mandibular prominences

Question 10

what structure does the nose come from

Answer 10

otic placode

Question 11

eye and ear development during weeks 4-5

Answer 11

rapid brain development and frontonasal process is formed. The optic placode is formed, and auricular hillocks ( 3 hillocks each from pharyngeal arches 1 and 2) are also formed.

Question 12

eye and ear development during weeks 6-7

Answer 12

lateral brain development. the optic placode moves more anteriorly. the auricular hillocks and the external auditory meatus migrate to the otic placode

Question 13

eye and ear development during week 10

Answer 13

the optic placode moves in front of the face. The hillocks and the meatus have joined to form the ear.

Question 14

Nose and Lip development during week 5

Answer 14

Nasal placode forms
Lateral nasal process forms
Medial nasal process forms

Question 15

Nose and Lip development during week 6

Answer 15

medial migration of frontonasal process. The lateral nasal process and maxillary process join to form the nasolacrimal groove

Question 16

nose and lip development during week 7

Answer 16

medial nasal and frontonasal process form the philtrum. Medial and maxillary join to form the upper lip

Question 17

nose and lip development during week 10

Answer 17

medial process forms philtrum, medial maxilla, primary palate, medial nose

Question 18

what parts form the nasolacrimal groove

Answer 18

lateral nasal process and the maxillary process

Question 19

what parts join to form the philtrum

Answer 19

medial nasal process and the frontal nasal process

Question 20

what parts join to form the upper lip

Answer 20

medial nasal process and maxillary process

Question 21

what is the neurocranium

Answer 21

encases the skull

Question 22

what are the bones that make up the membranous neurocranium

Answer 22

flat bones

Question 23

what is the cartilaginous neurocranium also called

Answer 23

chondrocranium

Question 24

what are the two parts of the neurocranium

Answer 24

chondrocranium and membranous cranium

Question 25

what are the two structures that the neurocranium is derived from

Answer 25

neural crest cells and the somites

Question 26

Where is the viscerocranium

Answer 26

face

Question 27

what embryonic structure(s) is the viscerocranium made of

Answer 27

entirely neural crest cells

Question 28

What are the bones that make up the viscerocranium:

Answer 28

Facial bones: mandible, maxilla, zygoma, vomer, palatine, lacrimal, nasal, conchae

Question 29

what are the bones that make up the neurocranium

Answer 29

neural crest cells: temporal(squamosal), sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal Mesoderm: temporal(petrosal), occipital, parietal

Question 30

During development of the skull: where does the cartilage development begin?

Answer 30

it begins at the midline

Question 31

where is the chondrocranium positioned

Answer 31

base of the skull/cranium

Question 32

what are the bones that make up the chondrocranium

Answer 32

part of the occipital bone, ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal petrosal, and meckels cartilage

Question 33

what is intramembranous ossification

Answer 33

absence of cartilage model

Question 34

what bones develop through intramembranous ossification

Answer 34

flat bones of the face, skull, mandible, clavicle

Question 35

what is endochondral ossification

Answer 35

when there is a cartilage model precursor

Question 36

what bones develop through endochondral ossification

Answer 36

long bones, bones of extremities, vertebrae, ethmoid, sphenoid

Question 37

describe process of intramembranous ossification

Answer 37

mesenchymal cells aggregate and proliferate, the mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, and secrete osteoid at multiple centers of ossification. Osteiod is mineralized.

Question 38

describe process of endochondral ossification

Answer 38

a hyaline cartilage model is used as a template during the generation of long and short bones. There are mesenchymal osteoblasts for two ossification centers, osteoid is deposited in place of the cartilage material

Question 39

when does endochondral bone growth begin and what does it depend on

Answer 39

it begins during the second trimester and continues into early adulthood. and it depends on the presence of epiphyseal cartilage

Question 40

how many zones of epiphyseal cartilage are there and what are they called

Answer 40

1. reserve cartilage 2. proliferation 3. maturation 4. hypertrophy and calcification 5. degeneration or resorption 6. osteogenic zone

Question 41

cranioschisis

Answer 41

cranial vault fails to form: fontanelles dont turn into sutures

Question 42

craniosynostisis

Answer 42

premature closing of one or more cranial sutures

Question 43

what gene family mutation causes craniosynostosis

Answer 43

mutation in the FGFR genes

Question 44

scaphocephaly

Answer 44

sagittal suture fails, expansion of the frontal and occipital bone, long and narrow

Question 45

brachycephaly

Answer 45

coronal suture fails, stout skull

Question 46

plagiocephaly

Answer 46

unilateral coronal and lamboid sutures, asymmetric flattening of one side of the skull

Question 47

cloverleaf skull

Answer 47

thanatophoric dwarfism FGFR3

Question 48

FGF Signal Transduction pathway involved which type of receptor?

Answer 48

Receptor Tyrosone Kinase: type 1 and type 2. Upon reception, type 2 phosphorylates type 1. Type 2 and type 1 are dimers respectively.

Question 49

Pfeiffer Syndrome

Answer 49

Mutation on FGFR1 and FGFR2

Question 50

Apert Syndrome

Answer 50

mutation in FGFR2

Question 51

Crouzon Syndrome

Answer 51

mutation in FGFR2

Question 52

Achondroplasia

Answer 52

mutation in FGFR3