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Theme 1 (module 202) > Skull and cranial cavity > Flashcards

Skull and cranial cavity Flashcards

1
Q

The scalp consists of how many layers?

A

5 layers

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2
Q

The scalp extends over which structures?

A

Scalp extends over the neurocranium

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3
Q

Innervation to the scalp is from which nerves?

A

Innervation to the scalp is from the trigeminal nerve and spinal cutaneous nerves

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4
Q

The skull is comprised of how many bones?

A

22 bones

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5
Q

What are neurocranium bones?

A

Bones of the cranium

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6
Q

What are the viscerocranium bones?

A

Faial bones

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7
Q

How many neurocranium bones are there?

A

8

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8
Q

What are the 8 neurocranium bones?

A
  • Occipital
  • Two temporal
  • Two parietal
  • Sphenoid
  • Ethmoid
  • Frontal
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9
Q

How many viscerocranium bones are there?

A

14 bones

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10
Q

What are the 14 bones of the viscerocranium?

A
  • Two nasal conchae
  • Two nasal bones
  • Two maxilla
  • Two palatine bones
  • Two zygomatic bones
  • Two lacrimal bones
  • Vomer
  • Mandible
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11
Q

What is the purpose of the foramina?

A

Foramina exist to permit nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave the cranial cavity

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12
Q

What is the base of the skull divided into?

A

The base of the skull is divided into the anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossa

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13
Q

Give examples of Foramina?

A
  • Cribiform plate
  • Optic canal
  • Superior orbital fissure
  • Foramen rotundum
  • Foramen ovale
  • Foramen spinosum
  • Internal acoustic meatus
  • Stylomastoid foramen
  • Foramen lacerum
  • Jugular Foramen
  • Hypoglossal canal
  • Foramen magnum
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14
Q

What are the meninges?

A

The meninges are the connective tissue coverings of the brain and spinal cord. The outermost layer is the dura mater, a dense and tough tissue that is reduplicated to form the periosteum of the inner skull.

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15
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

A
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Pia mater
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16
Q

What are the roles of the meninges?

A
  • Protection
  • Support network for blood vessels
  • Form a fluid filled cavity to cushion and nourish the brain
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17
Q

What are the two layers of the Dura mater around the brain?

A
  • Endosteal layer

- Meningeal layer

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18
Q

The meningeal layer of the dura mater lines which structures?

A

Around brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

The endosteal layer of the dura mater lines which structure?

A

Just lines skull

20
Q

The dura mater is supplied by which nerves?

A

CN V, X, C1-3 and sympathetic

21
Q

What is the blood supply to the dura mater?

A

Middle meningeal artery

22
Q

Why is the meningeal layer of the dura arranged in a series of folds/septa which divides the cranial cavity?

A

Folds or reflections prevent/restrict movement of the brain.

23
Q

What is the falx cerebri?

A

Separates cerebral hemispheres

24
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Separates cerebellar hemispheres from cerebral hemispheres

25
Q

What is falx cerebelli?

A

Separates cerebellar hemispheres

26
Q

What is the anatomical basis of a headache?

A

Dura sensitive to stretching

27
Q

Damage to the middle meningeal artery leads to what?

A

Extradural (epidural) haematoma

28
Q

What is tectorial herniation caused by?

A

Caused by space occupying lesion cause herniation of temporal lobe

29
Q

Where is the arachnoid mater located?

A

Thin avascular layer between Pia and dura

30
Q

All structures passing to/ from brain pass through which structure?

A

Subarachnoid space

31
Q

Which structure contains cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Subarachnoid space (real space)

32
Q

What is is cerebrospinal fluid produced by?

A

Choroid plexus in brain ventricles.

  • It provides buoyancy to brain protecting it from mechanical forces e.g. blow to skull
  • Arachnoid granulations affect the transfer of CSF to the venous sinuses
33
Q

What is the Pia mater?

A
  • Very delicate vascular membrane
  • Closely invests brain following gyri/sulci
    Cerebral arteries enter brain carrying sheath of Pia mater with them
34
Q

Which structures form part of the covering of spinal nerve roots?

A

Spinal cord meninges (3 layers)

35
Q

What is Leptomeningitis?

A
  • An infection and inflammation in the arachnoid and Pia mater (the leptomeninges).
  • The infection may enter the subarachnoid space and enter into the blood (septicaemia)
36
Q

Where does the dural sinus sit?

A

Sits between the dural folds

37
Q

Where does the dural sinus drain into?

A

Drain into internal jugular vein

38
Q

Dural Sinuses

A
  • Sinuses sit between the dural fold
    Drained blood and CSF from the brain via cerebral veins
  • Communicate with the veins of the skull and scalp
  • Thick walled endothelium no valves or smooth muscle
  • Drain into jugular vein
39
Q

Which two main arteries supply the brain?

A
  • internal carotid artery and vertebral artery
40
Q

The branches of the internal carotid artery and the vertebral artery anastomose to form what?

A

The circle of willis

41
Q

Inside the skull there are two terminal branches:

A

The anterior cerebral and middle cerebral artery

42
Q

Vertebral arteries passes within cervical vertebrae and enter foramen magnum where they unite to form the……

A

basilar artery

43
Q

What is the circle of willis formed by?

A
  • Formed by anastomoses
  • 2 x ICA
  • 2 x vertebral arteries
44
Q

Draw the circle of willis

A

Refer to diagram

45
Q

Cerebral artery

A
  • Each cerebral artery has its own pattern of supply to the brain
  • The anterior cerebral supplying the medial and superior surfaces of the brain and frontal pole
  • The middle cerebral supplying the lateral surfaces and temporal pole
  • The posterior cerebral supplying the inferior surfaces and occipital pole
46
Q

What is a stroke caused by?

A
  • Caused by an embolism in a cerebral artery, no anastomosis of cerebral arteries once inside brain hence neurological deficit
  • Pressure from ICA and vertebral artery is same, no mixing in posterior communicating artery unless if ICA or vertebral artery occluded - blood passes back / forth across PCA to compensate for reduced blood flow
47
Q

The layer of the meninges that is avascular and loosely applied is the:

A

The arachnoid layer

Theme 1 (module 202) (2 decks)

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