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Dermatology > Skin Structure and Function > Flashcards

Skin Structure and Function Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What are the 2 layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis and Dermis

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2
Q

Which layer is the outer layer?

A

Epidermis

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3
Q

Where is the dermis?

A

Beneath the epidermis

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4
Q

What is the epidermis made up of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium (1.5mm thick)

95% keratinocytes

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5
Q

What is the dermis made up of?

A

Connective tissue

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6
Q

Where does the epidermis originate?

A

Ectoderm cells form single layer periderm, gradual increase in layers of cells, periderm cells cast off

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7
Q

Where does the dermis originate from?

A

Formed from mesoderm below ectoderm

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8
Q

Where do the melanocytes originate from?

A

Pigment producing cells from neural crest

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9
Q

What are Blaschko’s lines?

A

Developmental growth patten of skin (don’t follow vessels, nerves or lymphatics)

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10
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A

Keratin layer, granular layer, prickle cell layer, basal layer

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11
Q

What makes the skin of the palms and soles different?

A

Thicker keratin layer

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12
Q

Where does HPV affect?

A

Keratinocytes, wouldn’t survive inside due to 37 degree temperature

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13
Q

What type of cells are melanocytes?

A

Pigment producing dendritic cells

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14
Q

What are melanocyte organelles called?

A

Melanosomes

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15
Q

What do melanocytes convert into melanin?

A

Tyrosine

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16
Q

What is the brown/black pigment called?

A

Eumelanin

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17
Q

What is the red/yellow pigment called?

A

Phaeomelanin

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18
Q

What do melanin caps do?

A

Protect the nuclear DNA In basal cells

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19
Q

What is vitiligo?

A

An autoimmune condition which involves melanocytes being attacked by cytotoxic T cells, usually self-limiting

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20
Q

What is albinism?

A

genetic partial loss of pigment production

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21
Q

What is nelson’s syndrome?

A

Melanin stimulating hormone is produced in excess by the pituitary

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22
Q

Where do langerhan cells originate?

A

Mesenchymal origin-bone marrow
Prickle cell layer
Dermis and lymph nodes

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23
Q

Where are Merkel cells?

A

Basal cell layer

Between keratinocytes and nerve fibres

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24
Q

What are Merkel cells?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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25
Q

Is Merkel cell cancer common or rare?

A

Rare

26
Q

What causes Merkel cell cancer?

A

Viral infection

27
Q

What is anagen phase?

A

Growing

28
Q

What is catagen phase?

A

Involuting

29
Q

What is telogen phase?

A

Resting

30
Q

Growth rate of nail a day?

A

0.1mm

31
Q

What is the demo-epidermal junction? (also known as basement membrane)

A

Interface between epidermis and dermis

32
Q

What is bullous pemphigoid?

A

Antibody formed by immune cells against the DEJ

33
Q

What is epidermolysis bullosa?

A

Defects in proteins that make DEJ

34
Q

What is chronic lymphoedema?

A

Enlarged lymphatic channels

35
Q

What is the consequence of chronic lymphoedema?

A

Recurrent episodes of cellulitis (bacteria in the dermis)

36
Q

What can be used to treat chronic lymphedema?

A

Moisturisation and compression socks

37
Q

What do pacinian receptors detect?

A

Pressure

38
Q

What do meissners receptors detect?

A

Vibration

39
Q

What is neurofibromatosis?

A

Benign tumours caused by overgrown nerves

40
Q

What does the pilosebaceous unit consist of?

A

Hair follicle, hair shaft, arrestor pili muscle and sebaceous glands

41
Q

What is hirsutism?

A

Excess hair in inappropriate places

42
Q

what is the cross section shape of asian hair

A

round

43
Q

what type of hair has the fastest growth rate

A

asian

44
Q

what is the shape of African hair cross section

A

ellipsoidal

45
Q

what type of hair grows slowest

A

african

46
Q

what is the cross section shape of caucasian hair

A

round/oval

47
Q

what type of hair has the lowest density

A

african

48
Q

what type of hair has the highest density

A

caucasian

49
Q

what hormonal influences can affect hair growth

A

thyroxine, androgens, menopause (less oestrogen)

50
Q

what can cause hirsutism

A

physiological, androgens, PCOS, tumour

51
Q

what are the three skin glands

A

sebaceous, apocrine, eccrine

52
Q

what do sebaceous glands do

A

produce sebum

53
Q

what do apocrine glands do

A

discharge into hair follicle, maybe involved in sex hormones

54
Q

what do eccrine glands do

A

sweat glands, thermoregulation

55
Q

when do sebaceous glands start to become active

A

puberty

56
Q

where are the largest sebaceous glands

A

face and chest

57
Q

what is the function of sebum

A

control moisture loss and protect against fungal infections

58
Q

what can too much sebum lead to

A

acne

59
Q

what do apocrine sweat glands develop as part of

A

pilosebaceous unit

60
Q

what is apocrine glands dependent on

A

androgens

61
Q

what supplies eccrine glands

A

sympathetic cholinergic nerve

Dermatology (6 decks)

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