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Med 1 > Skin, Nails and Hair > Flashcards

Skin, Nails and Hair Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue.

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2
Q

What are the primary functions of the skin?

A

Retains fluids, protects tissues, modulates body temperature, and synthesizes vitamin D.

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3
Q

Name the two layers of the epidermis.

A

Outer horny layer (stratum corneum) and inner cellular layer (stratum basale and stratum spinosum).

(Come Lets Get Sun Burnt)

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4
Q

What are the two types of hair in adults?

A

Vellus hair and terminal hair.

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4
Q

What type of pigment causes jaundice?

A

Bilirubin, a yellow-brown pigment from the breakdown of heme in red blood cells.

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5
Q

What is the function of melanin?

A

It is a brown pigment that determines skin color and protects against UV radiation.

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6
Q

What causes body odor?

A

Bacterial decomposition of apocrine sweat.

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6
Q

What is the primary function of nails?

A

Nails protect the distal ends of fingers and toes.

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7
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands?

A

Eccrine and apocrine sweat glands.

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8
Q

What is the significance of a mole’s symmetry in melanoma screening?

A

Asymmetry is a warning sign for melanoma.

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9
Q

What color variations might indicate melanoma?

A

Presence of more than two colors, especially blue-black, white, or red.

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10
Q

What diameter of mole is concerning for melanoma?

A

Greater than 6 mm.

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11
Q

What is the most sensitive criterion for detecting melanoma?

A

Evolution or rapid change in size, symptoms, or appearance.

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12
Q

Name two types of primary lesions.

A

Macules and papules.

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13
Q

What is the difference between a vesicle and a bulla?

A

Both raised. Vesicles are fluid-filled lesions smaller than 1 cm; bullae are larger than 1 cm.

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14
Q

Define a wheal.

A

A raised, localized area of dermal edema that typically resolves within hours.

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14
Q

What is actinic keratosis?

A

A precancerous skin lesion caused by sun damage, which can progress to squamous cell carcinoma.

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15
Q

What is the most common type of skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma.

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16
Q

What skin condition is characterized by greasy scaling and erythema on the central face?

A

Seborrheic dermatitis.

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17
Q

Which type of skin cancer has the highest mortality rate?

A

Melanoma.

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17
Q

What type of hair loss is associated with hypothyroidism?

A

Sparse hair.

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18
Q

What is onychomycosis?

A

Fungal infection of the nails.

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19
Q

What is a “telogen effluvium”?

A

Hair shedding from the roots, typically seen after stress or illness.

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20
Q

What is a pilar cyst?

A

A benign cyst that forms from hair follicles, often on the scalp.

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21
Q

Define a cherry angioma.

A

A benign, small, red vascular growth common in older adults.

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22
Q

What causes cyanosis?

A

Decreased oxygen in the blood or reduced blood flow.

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23
Q

What is pallor a sign of?

A

Anemia.

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24
Q

What is xerosis?

A

Dry skin, commonly seen in older adults or patients with atopic dermatitis.

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25
Q

Common risk factor for developing melanoma.

A

● Personal or family history of previous melanoma
● ≥50 common moles
● Atypical or large moles, especially if dysplastic
● Red or light hair
● Solar lentigines (acquired brown macules on sun-exposed areas)
● Freckles (inherited brown macules)
● Ultraviolet radiation from heavy sun exposure, sunlamps, or tanning booths
● Light eye or skin color, especially skin that freckles or burns easily
● Severe blistering sunburns in childhood
● Immunosuppression from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or from
chemotherapy
● Personal history of nonmelanoma skin cancer

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26
Q

What is telangiectasia?

A

Dilated small blood vessels that appear as red or blue lines on the skin.

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27
Q

What is the characteristic appearance of seborrheic keratosis?

A

Stuck-on, waxy, or warty plaques.

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28
Q

What is lichenification?

A

Thickened skin with increased skin markings due to chronic rubbing or scratching.

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28
Q

What are the ABCDE criteria for melanoma?

A

Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter >6mm, Evolution.

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29
Q

Define a pustule.

A

A small, raised lesion filled with pus.

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30
Q

What is petechiae?

A

Small, red or purple spots caused by bleeding under the skin.

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31
Q

What is the primary cause of acne vulgaris?

A

Blocked and inflamed hair follicles due to increased sebum production.

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31
Q

What is a burrow?

A

A small linear pathway in the epidermis caused by scabies mites.

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32
Q

Name a risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma.

A

Chronic sun exposure, especially in fair-skinned individuals.

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33
Q

What is solar lentigo?

A

A sun-induced pigmented spot, commonly known as a “liver spot.”

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34
Q

What is a lipoma?

A

A benign, soft, rubbery tumor of fat cells.

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35
Q

Define ecchymosis.

A

A large bruise caused by bleeding under the skin.

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36
Q

What are the signs of a basal cell carcinoma?

A

A pearly papule with telangiectasia and possibly an ulcerated center.

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37
Q

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

A

To produce sebum, a fatty substance that moisturizes the skin.

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38
Q

What is tinea pedis?

A

A fungal infection of the foot, commonly known as athlete’s foot.

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39
Q

What is actinic purpura?

A

Purplish spots due to blood vessel fragility, often seen in elderly individuals.

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40
Q

What is the primary difference between erythema and petechiae?

A

Erythema blanches with pressure; petechiae do not.

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41
Q

Name a benign brown lesion often mistaken for melanoma.

A

Seborrheic keratosis.

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42
Q

What is guttate psoriasis?

A

A type of psoriasis with small, drop-like papules.

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42
Q

What is the most common nail disorder?

A

Onychomycosis (fungal infection).

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43
Q

What causes alopecia areata?

A

An autoimmune disorder that results in patchy hair loss.

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44
Q

What is a nummular dermatitis lesion?

A

A coin-shaped eczema plaque.

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45
Q

What type of lesion is commonly seen in herpes zoster?

A

Grouped vesicles in a dermatomal pattern.

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46
Q

What is a herald patch?

A

The initial lesion of pityriasis rosea, a scaly, pink, oval patch. (Christmas pattern)

46
Q

What is melasma?

A

Hyperpigmentation commonly seen in pregnancy or with oral contraceptives.

47
Q

What is the most common cause of fluid-filled bullae?

A

Bullous impetigo or burns.

48
Q

What is tinea capitis?

A

A fungal infection of the scalp, commonly known as scalp ringworm.

49
Q

What is a dermatofibroma?

A

A benign fibrous nodule that dimples when pinched.

49
Q

What is the significance of the “ugly duckling” sign in melanoma?

A

It refers to a mole that looks different from the patient’s other nevi and may indicate melanoma.

50
Q

What is a cutaneous horn?

A

A hard, keratotic projection, often associated with squamous cell carcinoma or actinic keratosis.

51
Q

What is a sebaceous cyst?

A

A benign, slow-growing lump under the skin caused by blocked sebaceous glands.

51
Q

What is a molluscum contagiosum lesion?

A

A small, firm, flesh-colored, dome-shaped papule with a central umbilication caused by a viral infection.

52
Q

What is the main difference between basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Basal cell carcinoma grows slowly and rarely metastasizes, while squamous cell carcinoma can metastasize if left untreated.

52
Q

Define an erosion.

A

A loss of the superficial epidermis, typically following the rupture of a vesicle or bulla, resulting in a moist, shiny area.

53
Q

What are solar lentigines?

A

Flat, brown macules on sun-exposed areas, often called “age spots” or “liver spots.”

54
Q

What is an ulcer?

A

A deeper loss of epidermis and dermis that can scar, often caused by infections, pressure, or trauma.

55
Q

What is the Fitzpatrick skin type scale?

A

A classification system for skin color and response to UV light, ranging from Type I (very fair) to Type VI (very dark).

56
Q
A
57
Q

What are telogen hairs?

A

Hairs in the resting phase of the hair growth cycle, often shed naturally.

58
Q

What is hyperhidrosis?

A

Excessive sweating, which can occur in localized areas or be generalized.

59
Q

What is the appearance of nail clubbing?

A

Enlarged, bulbous fingertips with a curved, convex nail, often associated with chronic hypoxia.

60
Q

What is Beau’s lines?

A

Horizontal depressions across the nails caused by temporary disruption of nail growth due to severe illness or trauma.

61
Q

What is nail pitting?

A

Small depressions in the nails, commonly seen in psoriasis or alopecia areata.

62
Q

What is Koilonychia (spoon nails)?

A

Thin, concave nails, often associated with iron-deficiency anemia.

63
Q

What is the most common form of alopecia?

A

Androgenetic alopecia (pattern baldness), seen in both men and women.

64
Q

What is a maculopapular rash?

A

Rash that has both flat (macular) and raised (papular) lesions, often seen in viral infections.

65
Q

What are the signs of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the skin?

A

A butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and nose (malar rash).

66
Q

What is a xanthelasma?

A

A yellowish, cholesterol-rich plaque that appears on the eyelids, often associated with hyperlipidemia.

67
Q

What is a keloid?

A

A thick, raised scar that grows beyond the boundaries of the original wound.

68
Q

What is erythema nodosum?

A

Painful, red nodules usually located on the shins, associated with infections, autoimmune diseases, or medications.
Seen in Crohn disease

69
Q

What is urticaria (hives)?

A

Raised, itchy, red or white welts on the skin, often triggered by an allergic reaction.

70
Q

What is molluscum contagiosum?

A

A viral infection causing small, dome-shaped, pearly lesions with central dimpling, common in children.
Seen in AIDS

71
Q

Which of the following is a risk factor for melanoma?

a) Fair skin and freckles
b) Red or light hair
c) History of blistering sunburns
d) Family history of melanoma
e) All of the above

A

e) All of the above

71
Q

What condition is characterized by well-demarcated patches of complete depigmentation in dorsal hands and distal forearms?
a) Melasma
b) Vitiligo
c) Erythema multiforme
d) Psoriasis
e) None of the above

A

b) Vitiligo

71
Q

Which sweat glands are responsible for body odor in adults?

a) Eccrine glands
b) Sebaceous glands
c) Apocrine glands
d) Endocrine glands
e) None of the above

A

c) Apocrine glands

72
Q

Which of the following is true about basal cell carcinoma?

a) It rarely metastasizes
b) It is the most common type of skin cancer
c) It can cause significant local tissue destruction
d) It typically appears as a pearly papule with telangiectasia
e) All of the above

A

e) All of the above

72
Q

Which term describes a rough, scaling lesion often caused by chronic sun exposure and may progress to squamous cell carcinoma?

a) Basal cell carcinoma
b) Actinic keratosis
c) Seborrheic keratosis
d) Melanoma
e) None of the above

A

b) Actinic keratosis

73
Q

Which of the following skin conditions is commonly referred to as “cradle cap” in infants? Scale is less keratotic and will improve with moisturizers,
mild topical steroids

a) Atopic dermatitis
b) Psoriasis
c) Seborrheic dermatitis
d) Contact dermatitis
e) None of the above

A

c) Seborrheic dermatitis

73
Q

Which of the following is not a feature of a benign nevus (mole)?

a) Symmetry in shape
b) Even pigmentation
c) Diameter greater than 6 mm
d) Flat or slightly raised
e) None of the above

A

c) Diameter greater than 6 mm

73
Q

Telogen effluvium refers to:
a) Hair shedding from the roots
b) Damage to the hair shaft
c) An inflammatory skin condition
d) Thickening of the outer layer of skin
e) None of the above

A

a) Hair shedding from the roots

74
Q

Which skin condition is associated with velvety, hyperpigmented patches in body folds, particularly in patients with insulin resistance?

a) Acanthosis nigricans
b) Lichen planus
c) Tinea versicolor
d) Psoriasis
e) None of the above

A

a) Acanthosis nigricans

75
Q

Which type of lesion is described as a linear crack in the skin, often found in conditions like athlete’s foot?

a) Fissure
b) Ulcer
c) Papule
d) Plaque
e) None of the above

A

a) Fissure

76
Q

What is the most sensitive criterion in detecting melanoma?

a) Asymmetry
b) Border irregularity
c) Color variation
d) Evolution or change
e) None of the above

A

d) Evolution or change

77
Q

What is the term used to describe thickened skin with exaggerated skin markings due to chronic scratching or rubbing?

a) Lichenification
b) Xerosis
c) Erosion
d) Macule
e) None of the above

A

a) Lichenification

78
Q

What is a keloid?

a) A raised, well-defined scar that extends beyond the original injury site
b) A flat, brown spot caused by sun exposure
c) A non-painful ulcerated lesion
d) A blistering rash caused by herpes simplex virus
e) None of the above

A

a) A raised, well-defined scar that extends beyond the original injury site

79
Q

Which type of skin lesion is described as solid and raised, less than 1 cm in diameter?

a) Plaque
b) Nodule
c) Papule
d) Bulla
e) None of the above

A

c) Papule

79
Q

Which condition is often associated with “silver scales” and occurs on the extensor surfaces of the knees and elbows?

a) Atopic dermatitis
b) Psoriasis
c) Pityriasis rosea
d) Eczema
e) None of the above

A

b) Psoriasis

79
Q

What does “A” stand for in the ABCDE criteria for melanoma detection?

a) Atypical appearance
b) Asymmetry
c) Acute onset
d) Angioma presence
e) None of the above

A

b) Asymmetry

80
Q

Which condition presents as numerous small, red or purple spots due to bleeding under the skin?

a) Petechiae
b) Telangiectasia
c) Papule
d) Erythema
e) None of the above

A

a) Petechiae

81
Q

What is a vesicle?

a) A fluid-filled lesion smaller than 1 cm
b) A large solid mass greater than 2 cm
c) A flat discoloration larger than 1 cm
d) A raised red area caused by dermal edema
e) None of the above

A

a) A fluid-filled lesion smaller than 1 cm

81
Q

Which condition is commonly known as athlete’s foot?

a) Tinea corporis
b) Tinea pedis
c) Tinea cruris
d) Tinea versicolor
e) None of the above

A

b) Tinea pedis

82
Q

Which of the following conditions is caused by a herpesvirus infection and typically affects the skin along a dermatome?

a) Psoriasis
b) Herpes zoster
c) Impetigo
d) Lichen planus
e) None of the above

A

b) Herpes zoster

83
Q

A herald patch (plaque) is the initial lesion in which of the following conditions? (Single, oval, flat-topped superficial
erythematous to skin-colored plaque on
right abdomen)

a) Pityriasis rosea
b) Melanoma
c) Actinic keratosis
d) Seborrheic keratosis
e) None of the above

A

a) Pityriasis rosea

84
Q

What is the term for a raised lesion filled with pus?

a) Vesicle
b) Pustule
c) Macule
d) Nodule
e) None of the above

A

b) Pustule

85
Q

Which of the following is NOT a cause of generalized itching without a rash?

a) Dry skin
b) Uremia
c) Polycythemia vera
d) Tinea corporis
e) None of the above

A

d) Tinea corporis

86
Q

What is the first step when a patient reports a new skin growth?

a) Perform a biopsy
b) Ask about family and personal history of skin cancer
c) Prescribe topical steroids
d) Immediately excise the lesion
e) None of the above

A

b) Ask about family and personal history of skin cancer

87
Q

Which nail condition is characterized by thickened, yellow, and brittle nails often caused by fungal infection?

a) Onychomycosis
b) Leukonychia
c) Clubbing
d) Koilonychia
e) None of the above

A

a) Onychomycosis

88
Q

Which skin cancer is known for being the most lethal if not detected early?

a) Basal cell carcinoma
b) Squamous cell carcinoma
c) Melanoma
d) Merkel cell carcinoma
e) None of the above

A

c) Melanoma

89
Q

Which of the following terms refers to a flat lesion greater than 1 cm in diameter?

a) Macule
b) Patch
c) Papule
d) Plaque
e) None of the above

A

b) Patch

90
Q

Which of the following skin findings may be associated with liver disease?

a) Spider angioma
b) Acanthosis nigricans
c) Vitiligo
d) Lichenification
e) None of the above

A

a) Spider angioma

Single spider angiomas are
normal and are common on the
face and chest; also seen in
pregnancy and liver disease

91
Q

What is erythema multiforme commonly triggered by?

a) Bacterial infections
b) Viral infections like herpes simplex
c) Fungal infections
d) Trauma
e) None of the above

A

b) Viral infections like herpes simplex

92
Q

Which of the following terms refers to a deep, large blister containing fluid, typically greater than 1 cm?

a) Vesicle
b) Macule
c) Bulla
d) Pustule
e) None of the above

A

c) Bulla

93
Q

What does a positive dimple sign indicate when pressed on a dermatofibroma?

a) The lesion dimples inward
b) The lesion grows in size
c) The lesion is painful
d) The lesion turns red
e) None of the above

A

a) The lesion dimples inward

94
Q

The epidermis is avascular and relies on which layer for nutrition?

A. Subcutaneous tissue
B. Dermis
C. Stratum basale
D. Stratum corneum

A

B. Dermis

95
Q

All of the following are appendages of the skin except:

A. Hair
B. Nails
C. Sweat glands
D. Muscles

A

D. Muscles

96
Q

Which type of sweat gland helps control body temperature by directly releasing sweat onto the skin’s surface?

A. Apocrine glands
B. Sebaceous glands
C. Eccrine glands
D. None of the above

A

C. Eccrine glands

96
Q

What type of hair is short, fine, and relatively unpigmented?

A. Terminal hair
B. Vellus hair
C. Melanized hair
D. None of the above

A

B. Vellus hair

97
Q

The most lethal type of skin cancer due to its high rate of metastasis is:

A. Basal cell carcinoma
B. Squamous cell carcinoma
C. Melanoma
D. None of the above

A

C. Melanoma

98
Q

All of the following are risk factors for melanoma except:

A. Family history of melanoma
B. Red or light hair
C. Immunosuppression
D. Dark skin tone

A

D. Dark skin tone

99
Q

Which skin condition results from the decomposition of apocrine sweat, producing body odor?

A. Eccrine sweat
B. Seborrheic dermatitis
C. Apocrine sweat
D. None of the above

A

C. Apocrine sweat​

100
Q

Which of the following can cause cyanosis, a blue color of the skin?

A. Decreased oxygen in the blood
B. Increased melanin
C. Excess bilirubin
D. Carotene accumulation

A

A. Decreased oxygen in the blood

101
Q

Which of the following except one is a common symptom prompting skin examination?

A. Growths
B. Rashes
C. Hair loss
D. Weight gain

A

D. Weight gain

102
Q

The main risk factor for the development of skin cancers like basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma is:

A. Chronic sun exposure
B. Genetic mutations
C. Exposure to heat
D. Indoor lighting

A

A. Chronic sun exposure​

103
Q

Which of the following conditions primarily affects the scalp and involves hair loss?

A. Melanonychia
B. Telogen effluvium
C. Onychomycosis
D. None of the above

A

B. Telogen effluvium

104
Q

. The normal angle between the proximal nail fold and nail plate is:

A. Greater than 180°
B. Exactly 180°
C. Less than 180°
D. None of the above

A

C. Less than 180°

104
Q

Which is not a preventive measure for skin cancer?

A. Use of sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher
B. Avoiding tanning beds
C. Increasing sun exposure
D. Wearing sun-protective clothing

A

C. Increasing sun exposure​

105
Q

Melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color, is produced in which layer of the epidermis?

A. Stratum corneum
B. Stratum basale
C. Stratum spinosum
D. Subcutaneous tissue

A

B. Stratum basale

106
Q

Centrifugal rash

A

Measles

107
Q

Which skin lesion is described as flat, >1 cm, and not raised above the skin?

A. Macule
B. Papule
C. Patch
D. Bulla

A

C. Patch​

108
Q

Centripetal rash

A

Chicken pox

109
Q

a confluent, non-blanching erythematous rash with macules and patches of normal skin, “White islands in a sea of red”

A

Dengue rash

110
Q
A

Med 1 (2 decks)

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