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Skin Care Quiz 2 > Skin Health > Flashcards

Skin Health Flashcards

1
Q

What factors influence skin health and aging?

A

Heredity, sun exposure, the environment, health habits, and general lifestyles.

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2
Q

Explain the immune system and skin

A

Our immune system is a complex defence mechanism that protects the body from foreign substances.

The immune system is activated when antigens (foreign invaders) are identified.

Antibodies are molecules formed to fight and neutralize bacteria.

Langerhans cells, leukocytes, and T cells are all part of the immune system

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3
Q

Which cells are part of the immune system?

A

Langerhans cells and leukocyte cells & T cells

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4
Q

What are t-cells responsible for?

A

T-cells identify molecules that have foreign peptides and also help regulate immune response.

Think of how drinking tea can help regulate your immune response.

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5
Q

What are leukocytes & what are they responsible for?

A

Leukocytes are white blood cells that have enzymes that digest and kill bacteria and parasites. They also respond to allergies.

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6
Q

Which fluids nourish the skin?

A

Blood and lymph

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7
Q

What do arteries and lymphatic do?

A

They send essential materials for growth and repair throughout the body.

Networks of arteries and lymph vessels in the subcutaneous tissue send their smaller branches up to dermal papillae, follicles, and skin glands.

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8
Q

What does the health of the skin depend on?

A

The cellular membrane and the water holding capacity of the stratum corneum.

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9
Q

Give examples of lipids found in the stratum corneum and cell membranes.

A 
Phospholipids 
Glycolipids 
Cholesterol 
Triglycerides 
Waxes
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10
Q

What are ceramides?

A

Ceramides are a group of waxy lipid molecules important to barrier functioning and water-holding capacity such as glycolipids.

Topical products containing ceramides and other lipids benefit wrinkled skin and expedite healing.

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11
Q

Cell recovery depends on:

A

Water

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12
Q

Cell replacement:

A

Regular cell turnover is necessary to keep the skin healthy.

Organs such as the skin, heart, liver, and kidney have their cells replaced every 6 to 9 months.

Cells of the bones are replaced every 7 years.

Elastin and collagen are not easily replaced by the body and the skin does not regain its once pliable shape after being stretched or damaged by UV.

Vitamin A and alpha hydroxyl acids (AHA’s) stimulate cell turnover and reduce visible signs of aging.

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13
Q

Damaged tissues can be repairs in two ways:

A
  1. Regeneration

2. Fibrosis

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14
Q

Regeneration:

A

The replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells as before.

Most skin injuries such as cuts or burns heal by regeneration

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15
Q

Fibrosis:

A

The replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue.

Scar tissue is composed of collagen produced by fibroblasts.

Scar tissues hold an organ together but do not restore normal function.
(E.x healing of a sever cut)

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16
Q

Sun damage:

A

The sun and UV have the greatest impact on how the skin ages.

80-85% of aging is caused by sun exposure.

As we age, collagen and elastin weakens but it happens at a faster rate when the skin is exposed to UV.

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17
Q

UV reaches the skin in two different forms:

A

UVA and UVB radiation

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18
Q

What may be the results from exposure to UV?

A

Pigment dysfunction, wrinkles, sagging, breakdown of collagen and elastin, and skin cancer.

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19
Q

UVA Radiation

A

Known as aging rays

The longer wavelengths of UVA (320-400 nanometers) penetrate deep in the skin and cause genetic damage and cell death.

UVA Weakens the skins collagen and elastin fibres causing wrinkles and sagging in the tissues.

UVA is present all year and more prevalent than UVB

UVA can pass through glass windows or car windshields

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20
Q

UVB Radiation

A

Known as burning rays

Cause burning of the skin, tanning, aging, and cancer.

Stronger and more damaging to the skin and eyes compared to UVA

Contributes to the body’s synthesis of vitamin D

Melanin is designed to help protect the skin from the suns UV radiation, but melanin can be altered or destroyed when UV penetrates the skin

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21
Q

What is free radical damage

A

Free radicals are chemically active atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons
(They have an uneven number of electrons and unbalanced electrical charge)

They steal electrons from other molecules which leaves them damaged.

When these molecules take electrons from compounds from the body such as proteins, lipids or DNA, this destabilizes and oxidizes the once healthy molecules and creates more free radicals.

It’s a chain reaction of cellular destruction

Free radicals are generated by many factors such as exposure to UV, unhealthy foods, chemicals, smoke and trauma from medical treatments

Red and inflamed skin is a sign of free radical damage

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22
Q

What does the melanin pigment do?

A

Absorbs UV to help keep cells from being damaged

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23
Q

Antioxidants

A

Vital to neutralize the chain reaction by donating their electrons to stabilize the free radical electrons.

Protein, enzymes and vitamins are all antioxidants.

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24
Q

What does nicotine in tobacco cause?

A

Weakening of the blood vessels and small capillaries that supply blood to the tissues, causing decreased circulation.

The tissues are deprived of essential oxygen and the skin may appear yellow, grey, or dull.

Lack of oxygen and nutrients accelerates aging

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25
Q

How does prescription or illegal drugs affect the skin?

A

Oxygen deprivation, dryness, allergic reaction

Some drugs can aggravate acne

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26
Q

How does alcohol effect the skin?

A

Alcohol dilates blood vessels and capillaries. This may cause the capillary wall to expand and burst.

This causes a constant flush appearance.

  • dries out the skin by drawing essential water out of the tissue
  • skin may appear dull and dry
  • excess alcohol results in increased blood sugar and glycation reaction
  • alcohol is metabolized by the liver into chemicals which are toxic to cells
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27
Q

Glycation

A

A destructive process caused by elevation in blood sugar

Glycation is the binding of a protein molecule to a glucose molecule resulting in the formation of damaged, non-functioning structures and decrease biological activity.
This results in damaged, non-functioning structures called Advanced Glycation End (AGE’s)

Glycation contributes to aging of the skin, wrinkles, and age spots

Many age related diseases are due to glycation

Anything that causes a rise in blood sugar results in inflammation
The sugar attaches to collagen making skin inflexible and saggy

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28
Q

What are the negative side effects of the hormone cortisol

A

Breaks down muscle tissue, thin skin, decalcify bones, elevate blood sugar

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29
Q

What are hormones

A

Internal messengers for most of the body’s systems and are significant internal factors in the skins appearance, strength and health.

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30
Q

Estrogen

A

A hormone crucial for good health and appearance of the skin.

It is a anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and a key factor in tissue repair.

Maintains coordination, balance, skin moisture, vision, bones, and nervous system.

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31
Q

Which hormone effects the skin most during puberty?

A

Androgen

Androgen stimulates the sebaceous glands to produce sebum which causes follicles to dilate and the scalp to become oilier.

This is when pores become more visible

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32
Q

Keratosis Pilaris

Another problem associated with puberty

A

Appears as small pinpoint bumps (usually found on cheeks and the upper arms) accompanied by redness

In this condition, the androgens have affected the growth of terminal/ lanugo hairs which have started growing but aren’t strong enough to push though the follicle opening.

The hair remains trapped inside and irritate the follicle and skin.

Remedies: lotions containing AHA’s such as glycolic and lactic acid may help clear the bumpy appearance.

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33
Q

Pregnancy and hormones

A

An increase in blood flow and blood pressure during pregnancy may lead to the development of telangiectasia or small red enlarged capillaries on the face and body.

Pregnant women may also experience increased oiliness.

Other causes of telangiectasia on the skin are hereditary, alimentary (digestive), alcohol, smoking, sun damage, harsh cosmetics, trauma, excess localized heat, topical corticosteroids, inflammation, and heat/ cold fluctuations. These all lead to permanent dilation of capillaries.

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34
Q

Menopause

A

During menopause the skin thins and changes which affects the skins protective barrier, epidermis and dermis.

As skin ages, vascular and capillary walls begin to weaken, lipids are reduced, lymphatic system is less efficient, glands slow down, and there are fewer fibroblasts, this affecting cells, collagen, and elastin. 

As estrogen is depleted, skin begins to lose its tone = less moisture less melanocytes activity and cellular exchange is reduced.

Testosterone level increases as estrogen decreases which causes more oil and hair growth on the face.

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35
Q

Rashes and lesions

A
  • may range in size from a fraction of a millimetre to many centimetres
  • may be blanches (white), erythematous (reddened), purpuric (containing blood) or pigmented
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36
Q

What is Pruritus?

A

The sensation of itching which is a symptom to many skin disorders

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37
Q

Rashes

A

Rashes are temporary eruptions of the skin

Disorders that produce rashes: measles, heat, diaper rash, allergic reactions, etc

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38
Q

Lesions

A

Are structural changes in the tissues caused by damage or injury like an abrasion.

There are three types of lesions
Primary, secondary and tertiary (or vascular)

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39
Q

What are primary lesions

A

primary Lesions

  • in the early stages of development
  • change in colour or texture either present at birth or acquired over time such as birth mark or age spot

Examples:
Bulla, cyst, macular, nodule, papule, pustule, tubercle, tumor, vesicle, wheal

Bill can’t make noodles but, Peter Pan throws tomatoes well

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40
Q

What is a bulla

A

A large blister containing watery fluid

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41
Q

What is a cyst

A

A closed abnormally developed sac containing fluid, infection, or other matter above or below the skin.

An acne cyst is one type of cyst.

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42
Q

Macule

A

A flat spot or discolouration on the skin

Ex. Freckle, or red spot left after a pimple has healed

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43
Q

Nodule

A

Often referred to as a tumour

Smaller bumps caused by scar tissue, fatty deposits or infection

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44
Q

Papule

A

A small elevation on the skin that contains no fluid, but may develop into a pustule.

Less than 1/2 an inch in diameter and may vary in colour and is either rounds, smooth or rough.

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45
Q

Pustule

A

An inflamed papule with a white or yellow centre containing pus

Pus( white blood cells, bacteria and debris)

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46
Q

Tubercle

A

Larger than a Papule

An abnormal rounded solid lump

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47
Q

Tumour

A

A large nodule

Abnormal cell mass resulting from excessive cell manipulation

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48
Q

Vesicle

A

A small blister or sac containing clear fluid

Poison ivy and poison oak produce vesicle

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49
Q

Wheal

A

An itchy, swollen lesion caused by an insect bite, skin allergy reaction or sting.

(Hives and mosquito bites are wheals)

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50
Q

What is another term for hives?

A

Urticaria

Which can also be caused by exposure to allergens in products

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51
Q

Secondary lesions

A

Develop in later stages of disease and change the structure of tissue and organs

Examples:
Crust, Excoriation, fissures, keloids, scales, scar, ulcers

Crust: Dead cells formed over a wound while it is healing resulting in an accumulation of pus and sebum

Excoriation: A skin sore or abrasion produced by scratching or scraping

Fissure: A crack in the skin that penetrates the dermis example chapped lips

Keloids: abnormal formation of scar tissue resulting from excessive growth of fibrous tissues and collagen

Scales: flaky skin cells for example excessive dandruff

Scars: light coloured slightly raised marks on the skin formed after injury of the skin

Ulcers: an open lesion on the skin or mucous membrane of the body filled with pus


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52
Q

Abnormal pigmentation is called

And what causes it?

A

Dyschromia

This is caused by many internal and external factors, sun exposure being the biggest external cause

Drugs may be another cause

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53
Q

What is Hypopigmentation?

A

A lack of pigment

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54
Q

Vitiligo

A
  • white patches on the skin which vary in size
  • vitiligo is an acquired condition
  • the spots are caused from a lack of pigment cells
  • common on the face, axillae, neck, hands and feet
  • these areas burn easily and enlarge over time
  • an autoimmune disorder causing an absence of melanocytes
  • no pain or other symptoms
  • appears at any age but commonly in 20’s or 30’s
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55
Q

Albinism

A
  • lack of pigmentation in the skin, hair, and iris of the eye
  • a congenital disorder in which there a normal number of melanocytes but they lack the enzyme tyrosinase needed to produce melanin
  • the individual may have pale or pink skin, white or yellow hair, and light coloured or pink eyes
  • ocular problems such as sensitivity to light and other vision problems are common
  • treatments are aimed to reduce risk of cancer through protection from the sun
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56
Q

Hyperpigmentation

A

An overproduction of pigment

Increased melanin causes excess pigment

Sun exposure, acne, medications, and post inflammatory hyperpigmentation from skin damage can cause darkened pigmentation

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57
Q

Melasma(chloasma)

A
  • darkened macules on the face
  • triggered by hormonal changes
  • most prominent in darker skins
  • more common in women, especially during pregnancy, while using oral contraceptives or menopause
  • may or may not resolve after giving birth or discontinuing birth control
  • worsened by sun exposure
  • treatment involves sun protection and bleaching agents
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58
Q

What is a tan or sunburn and what are the symptoms?

A

A change in pigmentation due to melanin production as a defence against UV rays

Mild = redness 
Severe = vesicle eruption, weakness, chills, fever, fatigue and pain

Black skin may also burn and may appear more greyish

Essentially a tan is visible skin and cell damage

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59
Q

Lentigines (lentigo)

A

Brown or black spots that are flat and found in sun-exposed areas

A cosmetic concern only

If they change, grow or develop a darker centre, it may become malignant

Lentigines that result from sunlight exposure are also called actinic or solar Lentigines.

Also referred to as age spots or liver spots

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60
Q

Stain

A

Brown or wine coloured skin discolouration with a circular or irregular shape.

Usually round or oval, tan, brown or black

Often develops on sun exposed areas

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61
Q

What are Birthmarks

A

Congenital pigmented blemish or spot on the skin

Visible at birth or shortly after

Usually benign but may become cancerous

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62
Q

What are the different types of birthmarks

NCPHF

A

Nevi (Nevus) - abnormal pigmentation or dilated capillaries

Cafe au lait - flat, light brown

Port wine spots - flat, pink, red or purply/ red. They are formed by a collection of superficial capillaries

Haemangioma - raised, small and bright red. They are a group of superficial blood vessels with three stages
1. Proliferation 2. Rest 3. Involution (diminishes)
50% diminish by age 5, 90% diminish by age 10

Freckles - benign, small tan to brown spots occurring on sun exposed skin

  • tend to fade in adult life
  • The tendency to develop freckles is inherited & seen more in red haired people
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63
Q

Moles or nevi

A

Common congenital or acquired tumours of the skin that are benign almost all adults have moles.

Mole is a pigmented nevus; A brownish spot ranging in colour from tan to blueish black. Some are flat, others raised and darker.

Most are benign but changes in colour or shape should be checked by physicians. 

moles are common and should not be removed unless by physicians because it may irritate or cause structural changes to the mole 

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64
Q

Nevocellur nevi (mole)

A

Most moles are tan to deep brown, uniformly pigmented, small papules with well defined and rounded borders

These are not usually removed except for cosmetic reasons or if they are in an area which they become irritated

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65
Q

Dysplatic nevi (mole)

A

Larger than common moles with flat slightly raised Pebbly surface

Darker in the centre and an irregular border

Have the capacity to transform to malignant melanomas and tend to appear in families who are prone to them

These occur in sun exposed and covered areas of the body


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66
Q

What are hypertrophies of the skin

A 
Abnormal growths  Example: 
Skin tags 
Keratosis
keratosis pilaris 
Actinic keratosis 
Verruca 
Hyper keratosis
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67
Q

Skin tag (hypertrophy)

A

Soft, brown or flesh coloured papules

They occur on any skin surface but most commonly the neck, axilla and face

Range in size from a pinhead to a pea

Normal texture of skin

Benign

More common as people age

68
Q

Keratosis

A

Is a abnormally thick buildup of skin cells

Horny growth, wart-like lesions that have a stuck on appearance

Vary in size

69
Q

Keratosis pilaris

A

Redness and bumps in the cheeks or upper arms

Caused by blocked follicles

Exfoliation can help unblock follicles and alleviate the roughness

70
Q

Actinic keratosis

A

Pink or flesh coloured pre-cancerous lesions that feel sharp or rough

These result from sun damage and should be seen by a dermatologist

71
Q

Verruca

A

Also known as a wart

A hypertrophy of the papillae of epidermis caused by a virus

Infectious and contagious and they can spread

Some have a black dot in the middle

72
Q

Hyperkeratosis

A

Thickening of the skin caused by a mass of keratinocytes

73
Q

Fungi

A

Plant-like organisms

Certain strains are considered part of the normal skin flora

Superficial infections invade only the superficial tissue (skin, hair, nails)

Deep infections invade the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous

74
Q

What are some superficial fungal infections?

A 
Tinea of the body of face 
Athletes foot (tinea pedis) 
Ringworm (tinea corporis) 
Tinea of the scalp (tinea capitis) 
Tinea versicolor (Pityriasis versicolor)
75
Q

What is Tinea?

A

A fungal infection

This fungi feeds on proteins, carbs and lipids in the skin

Tinea of the body and face is most common in children

Spread by animals and children

Oval or circular patches

76
Q

Athletes foot (Tinea Pedis)

A

A fungus that affects the feet

Ranges from mild to severe

Unpleasant odour

77
Q

Ringworm (tinea corporis)

A

Highly contagious

Ringed red pattern with elevated edges

Affects the body or face

Most common in children

Transmission is commonly from kittens, puppies and children

78
Q

Tinea of the scalp (Tinea capitis)

A

Superficial fungal infection of the scalp

Associated with white patches on the back of the head

Lesions may vary from greyish, round hairless patches to balding spots or black dots on the head

Mild redness, crust or scale may be present

Selenium sulphide shampoo can treat the condition

79
Q

Tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor)

A

A fungal infection that Inhibits melanin production

Caused by yeast, not contagious

Characterized by white, brown or salmon coloured flaky patches from the yeast on the skin

Can be treated with anti fungal cream or medication

80
Q

Impetigo (bacterial infection)

A

Common superficial bacterial infection

Most common in the summer or in warm, moist, climates

Appears as a small vesicle or large bulla on the body or face

As the lesion ruptures it leaves a denuded (stripped or bare) area that discharges a honey coloured liquid that hardens on the skin and dries as a crust with a “stuck on” appearance

New spores appear within hours

Extremely contagious

81
Q

Viral infections

A

Warts/ verruca

Herpes simplex - type 1&2

Herpes zoster (shingles)

82
Q

Warts or verruca

A

Common benign papillomas

A wart is an exaggeration of the normal skin structure with an irregular thickening

There are more than 50 types of HPV (
Human papilloma viruses) including skin warts and genital warts

Majority are found on hands & feet

83
Q

Herpes simplex (viral infection)

A

Cold sore or fever blister

There are two type of herpes viruses that infect humans

Type 1: usually confined to the Oropharynx and is spread by respiratory droplets or contact with infected saliva. It is contagious

Type 2: is spread to other body parts and can cause genital herpes

Never work on a client with a current herpes lesion

Recurrences may be brought on by stress, sunlight, or injury

Individuals who are immune suppressed may have severe attacks

A recurrence usually begins with a Burning or tingling sensation

Vesicles and redness follow and progress to pastilles, ulcers and crusts.

The lesion is most common on the lips, mouth and face

84
Q

Herpes zoster (shingles)

A

This is an acute local eruption distributed over a dermatome area of the skin (an area with nerves)

Chickenpox is a childhood disease caused by the virus

It is believed that a person who had chickenpox as a child carries the dominant virus in the nerve roots. When the adult is again exposed to the disease it reactivates the virus which appears as shingles

Onset is burning pain, tingling sensation, extreme sensitivity of the skin, and itching - this may be present for 1-3 days before a rash appears

The pain may be mistaken for heart disease (if on the chest) or stomach disorders

When the vesicles appear they are red, dry, form crusts and eventually fall off

Eye involvement can result in permanent blindness

After the rash has subsided, it can reoccur if the individual is stressed or fatigued

Can spread to people who are not immune

85
Q

Name 5 Sebaceous gland disorders

A 
Acne 
Sebaceous cysts or Steatoma 
Acne vulgaris 
Acne conglobata 
Acne rosacea (papulopustular)
86
Q

What is acne?

A

Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder of the sebaceous glands characterized by comedones and blemishes

In men, testicular androgens are the main stimulus for sebaceous activity

In women, adrenal and ovarian androgens maintain sebaceous activity

There are many types of acne, acne vulgaris being the most common

Inflammation of the sebaceous glands results from retained oil secretions, cells, and excessive Propionibacterium acne bacteria (p. Acne)

P. acnes is the scientific name of the bacterium that causes acne vulgaris

These bacteria are anaerobic, which means they cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

When the follicle is blocked from oxygen circulation, these bacteria multiply in great numbers, feeding off the sebum produced by overactive sebaceous glands

Acne ranges from mild breakouts to disfiguring cysts and scarring

Acne can be controlled with medication but they have side effects and treatments may be a long battle 

87
Q

How many grades is acne broken down into? And explain.

A

4 grades

Grade 1. Minor breakout, mostly open comedones, some closed comedones, few papules

Grade 2. Many closed comedones, more open comedones, occasional papules and pustules

Grade 3. Red and inflamed, many comedones, papules and pustules

Grade 4. Cystic acne, cysts with comedones, papules, pustules, inflammation present. Scar formation from tissue damage is common

Physicians may prescribe medications to treat grade 3&4

88
Q

Sebaceous cysts (steatoma)

A

Benign swelling beneath the skin and filled with material composed of sebum and epithelial debris

These cysts are mobile but attach to the skin by the remains of a sebaceous gland duct

Often become infected and need to be surgically removed

Cysts are found on the face, scalp, back and anywhere there are sebaceous ducts 

The client should see a doctor to ensure they are not tumours and if they are not infected or a concern they do not have to be removed 

89
Q

Acne vulgaris

A

Most common during adolescence

There is a genetic predisposition to acne, and stress may be a factor

Many females experience a break out in the week before menstruation

Acne vulgaris is most common on the face and neck and to a lesser extent on the back, chest and shoulders.

Good hygiene is important

Contact with other surfaces such as hands, hats, sweatbands can lead to worsening of lesions

A balanced diet is recommended

90
Q

Acne conglobata

A

Acne Conglobata is a chronic form of acne and occurs later in life

Comedones have multiple openings

Most commonly on the back, buttocks, and chest

Their discharge is odoriferous (unpleasant odour)

Healing leaves deep keloid scars

Affected people have anaemia with increased white blood count

91
Q

Acne rosacea (papulopustular)

A

Rosacea is a vascular disorder, meaning it is related to blood vessels and circulation of the blood

Chronic congestion primarily on the cheeks and nose

Characterized by redness, comedones, papules, elevated areas, nodules, and in severe cases cysts

Often resembles acne but often there are no clogged pores or comedones present

92
Q

Types & stages of rosacea

A 
Non-permanent 
Permanent
Acne rosacea
Rhinophyma
Ocular rosacea
Comedo (plural comedones)

RAPCON 

93
Q

Non/ permanent rosacea

A

In the early stages of development there are repeated episodes of blushing
(Occurs before the age of 20)

This eventually becomes a permanent dark erythema (capillary congestion) on the nose and cheeks and sometimes extends to the forehead and the chin

2- permanent

94
Q

Acne rosacea

A

Often resembles acne but these larger than normal pimples occur on the nose and upper cheeks

Redness in the skin around papules and pustules

There may be a dehydrated, crinkled appearance to the skin

Symptoms of burning and stinging may also be present

95
Q

Rhinophyma (type of rosacea)

A

Rosacea may develop into an irregular bulbous thickening of the nose

Colour changes to purple red

Mistaken for signs of alcoholism

96
Q

Ocular rosacea

A

Occurs in the eye and eyelids resulting in eye redness, swollen eyelids

They should avoid: heat, cold, sunlight, hot liquids, alcohol and highly seasoned foods

97
Q

Comedo (plural comedones)

A

A comedone is a mass of hardened sebum and skin cells in a hair follicle

When the follicle fills with excess oil a blackhead is formed

Open comedones occur when the follicle is large enough to hold debris retained by the follicle

The ostium (opening) in these follicles is dilated by the mass of impaction, allowing the Comedo to push toward the surface opening - it is dark because it is exposed to oxygen and oxidation occurs

Closed comedones form  when the opening of the follicle is blocked with debris and white cells (whitehead)

98
Q

Milia

A

Similar to whiteheads but they are hardened and closed over.

pale, slightly elevated papules, with no visible opening found under the surface of the skin (not in a pore)

These epidermal cysts are small, firm, white papules with sebum and dead cells

Milia are more common in dry skin types and may form after skin trauma, such as exposure to UV

Usually found are the eyes, cheeks, and forehead

Also caused by blocked follicular openings from thick moisturizers

99
Q

Papules

A

A pimple

Small elevation that contains no fluid but may develop pus

When enough white blood cells arrive they may form a clump and rise to the surface, creating a pustule

Papule may hurt more than pustules because they are deeper in the skin - explains the soreness

100
Q

Pustules

A

Raised, inflamed Papule with a white or yellow centre

Contains pus, fluid and bacteria produced by an infection (head of a pimple)

101
Q

Nodules

A

Nodules are small bumps caused by scar tissue, fatty deposits, or infection

102
Q

Sebaceous hyperplasia

A

Benign lesion frequently seen in oilier areas of the face

An overgrowth of sebaceous gland
Donut shape with sebaceous material in the centre

103
Q

Causes of acne:

A 
Genetics
Clogged follicles 
Bacteria 
Heat
Over cleansing
Self trauma excoriation 
Nutrition and diet 
Triggers include: hormones, stress, cosmetics, skin care products
104
Q

Medication and treatments for acne

A

Antibiotics (tetracycline, erythromycin, tretinoin (retin A)

Actutane:

  • Vitamin a derivative
  • Dosage is according to weight, usually a five month treatment
  • Skin and mucous membranes will be very dry
  • avoid sun exposure 
  • no waxing on the face
  • only for resistant acne or acne rosacea
105
Q

Which disorders cause inflammation of the skin?

A

Dermatitis
Eczema
Psoriasis
Urticaria

Inflammation m: UPED

106
Q

What is dermatitis?

A

An inflammatory condition of the skin

Various forms include lesions such as eczema, vesicles, or papules

107
Q

What are the three main categories of dermatitis?

A

Atopic, contact, and seborrheic

108
Q

Contact dermatitis

A

Inflammatory skin condition

Caused by an allergic reaction from contact with a substance or chemical/ irritant

Makeup, skin care products, detergents, dyes, fabrics, jewelry, plants can all cause red itchy skin

Allergies to red dyes and nickel are common

109
Q

atopic dermatitis

A

Is a chronic, relapsing form of dermatitis

Irritants and allergens trigger reactions that include dry, cracking skin

The redness, itching, and dehydration of the dermatitis makes the condition worse

110
Q

Seborrheic dermatitis

A

Recurring patches of white or yellowish inflammation often on the head, face, chest & back

Sometimes a chronic inflammation of the skin associated with oily skin and oily areas

One cause is an inflammation of sebaceous glands

This condition is sometimes treated with cortisone creams

Seborrheic dermatitis is also a common form of eczema

111
Q

Eczema

A

Eczema is a common skin disorder that occurs into clinical forms, infantile and adult

Hypersensitivity reaction

Eczema is an inflammatory, painful, itching disease of the skin

Acute or chronic in nature with moist or dry lesions

Avoid contact and skin care treatment if a client has eczema

Usually family history of hay fever or asthma is associated with eczema

Eczema causes intense itching.

the infantile form shows vesicle formation, oozing and crusting.
Usually begins in the cheeks and made progress to scalp, arms, trunk and legs.

In adults it is often found on the hands, feet, elbows and knees

Care involves allergin control, moisturizing to control dryness, avoidance of soap, and topical medication 

112
Q

Psoriasis

A

Psoriasis is a common popular squamous disease characterized by red, thickened plaques with an overlying silvery white scale

Caused by overproliferation of skin cells that replicate too fast

There is a hereditary factor and this is a chronic disease - thought to be an autoimmune disease

There are several types of psoriasis

May occur anywhere on the body but most often at the elbows, knees and scalp

Psoriasis is treated with topical medication such as corticosteroids and oral medication


113
Q

Urticaria (hives)

A

Hives are characterized by red plaques called “wheals” that are accompanied by intense itching

Appears raised pink or red areas surrounded by a paler halo and blanch with pressure

Can occur on any skin surface and often involve the larynx, causing hoarseness or sore throat

Hives are caused by histamine release which causes hyper permeability of the vessels of the skin allowing fluid to leak into the tissues

Hives can be acute or chronic

Causes are: food, drinks, medication, or exposure to pollen or chemicals

114
Q

Treatments for rashes and eczema:

A

Cortisone, topical creams

115
Q

Skin cancer

A

Skin cancer risk increases with accumulative ultraviolet sun exposure and is found in three distinct forms that vary in severity

Each is named for the type of cells that are affected

Arises from keratinocytes of the stratum Spinosum

Chance of recovery is good with early detection and surgical removal but if it goes undetected it can spread to lymph nodes and be lethal

Skin cancer has been linked to exposure to the sun

Fair skinned, freckle people are highest risk for sun related cancers

Most developed from pre-existing moles
They are slightly raised, black or brown, and borders are irregular

Skin cancers caused by damage to DNA

116
Q

What are the three main types of skin cancer?

A

Malignant melanomas

Squamous cell carcinomas

Basale cell carcinomas

  • Most severe to least severe *
117
Q

Malignant melanoma

Think of malicious melanocytes mole

A

The most deadly skin cancer

Accounts for 5% of all cases

 often arises from melanocytes of a pre-existing mole

Spreads rapidly and is fatal if not treated immediately

It is more deadly because it can spread throughout the body to internal organs via the lymphatics and bloodstream

Melanoma may have surface crust or bleed

Caucasian’s Who have a tendency to burn are more susceptible to skin cancer


118
Q

Basale cell carcinomas

A

The most common skin cancer and least severe

Rises from the cells of the stratum basale and eventually invades the dermis

Appears as light, pearly nodules

Characteristics include sores, red patches, or a smooth growth with an elevated border


119
Q

Squamous cell carcinomas

Second worse

A

More serious than basal cell carcinoma

Characterized by red or pink scaly papules or nodules

Sometimes are characterized by open sores are crusty areas that do not heal in bleedy easily

3rd type of skin cancer

120
Q

What does pH stand for? And what is the scale used to measure?

A

PH is the scale used to measure acidity and alkalinity

P stands for the potential of the hydrogen ion
H is the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

121
Q

What is an ion?

A

An ion is an atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge

Ionization causes an atom to split in two, creating a pair of ions with opposite electrical charges

An ion with a negative electrical charge: anion
An ion with a positive electrical charge is: cation

122
Q

What should the pH of healthy skin be between?

A

5.5 and 6

123
Q

When a solution is neither alkaline or acidic it is called..

A

Neutral

124
Q

If The pH of a solution is less than 7 it is: 

A

Acidic

125
Q

If the pH of a solution is greater than 7 it is

A

Alkaline

126
Q

Acids

A

Substances that have a pH below seven

Taste sour and turn litmus paper from blue to red

The lower the pH number the greater the degree of acidity

127
Q

Alkalis

A

Also known as bases have a pH above seven

Taste bitter and turn litmus paper from red to blue

The higher the pH number the greater the degree of alkalinity

128
Q

In Pure (distilled) water each molecule produces…

A

One hydrogen ion
One hydroxide ion

Pure water has a neutral pH because it contains the same number of hydrogen ions as hydroxide ions


129
Q

Chemical solutions that resist changes in pH are called

A

Buffers

130
Q

PH SCALE

A

1 ACIDIC 7 ALKALINE 14
_________________________________________
NEUTRAL

131
Q

PH Is influenced by external agents such as

A

Sunlight, cleansing preparations, cosmetics, digestion, diet and other factors 

132
Q

PH scale is a logarithmic scale which means:

A

In a pH scale, a change of one whole number represents a tenfold change in pH
(The change is 10x greater)
A pH of eight is 10 times more alkaline than a pH of seven 

133
Q

What can result if a product is incorrect for a given skin type

A

Dryness, dehydration, inflammation and even bacteria can grow if the product is incorrect

Extreme variations in pH can damage the skins barrier function and cause irritation

134
Q

Buffering agents

A

Buffering agents are added to skin care products to maintain the pH at the correct level to produce desired effect well keeping the product safe and non-irritating to the skin

135
Q

During the primary analysis which concerns are being assessed?

A

Allergies, dehydration, breakout and oiliness

136
Q

Which Things should we be mindful to explain to the client during treatment?

A

Our Steps, the sensation they may experience, performing extractions & the discomfort they may cause, the benefits and results of the treatment

137
Q

Questions that should be frequently asked by an aesthetician

A

How often do you cleanse your skin?

What type of skin are your products for?

What is your cleansing and moisturizing routine?

Does your skin feel tight?

Does your make up last and does it change color?

Does your skin get covered with an oily film?

Do you break out often?

How often do you see a spa therapist and when was your last visit?

Are you pleased with the condition of your skin?

Do you smoke? How much water do you drink? Do you have any allergies?

What are your concerns with your skin?



138
Q

What is the purpose of a skin analysis form? 

A

Skin analysis forms allow the aesthetician to thoroughly examine their clients skin type and conditions they may be experiencing due to internal or external agents in order to recommend the appropriate products and treatments


139
Q

Analysis of the skin with assistance of the magnifying lamp

A

The magnifying lamp magnifies the face to help the therapist analyze and treat the skin

The lamp uses a cool fluorescent lightbulb

eye pads should always be used to protect the eyes from the bright light

140
Q

What are skin types?

A

People are born with their skin types

Skin types are determined by genetics and ethnicity

An individual skin type is based on:

A) how much oil is produced in the follicles from the sebaceous glands

B) on the amount of lipids found in between the cells

The size of pores in T-Zones and throughout the face can help determine skin type

141
Q

What are the 6 skin types?

A
  1. NORMAL
  2. OILY
  3. DRY
  4. COMBINATION
  5. SENSITIVE
  6. ACNE
142
Q

Skin analysis procedure

A

Cleanse the skin

Look at clients skin through magnifying lamp

Cleanse

Cover eyes

Look, listen, ask & touch

143
Q

What is normal skin and what are external and internal symptoms of Normal skin?

A

Normal skin looks clear and even
Good oil- water balance 

External:

Pores are normal/ small-medium
Oil can fluctuate (sometimes more dry/ oily)
Good elasticity
Few blackheads
Perfect tone
Medium in thickness
Skin can become shiny if not cleaned often

Internal:

Perfect balance of sebaceous and sweat glands
blood circulation is good so the skin gets enough oxygen and nutrients

144
Q

Treatment recommendations for normal skin

A

Facial once a month to maintain the skin and observe for changes

Products:
All products should be for normal skin

Cleansing milk, toner, moisturizing cream, eye cream, mask two times per week

145
Q

What is oily skin and what are external and internal symptoms?

A

Oily skin gives a shiny complexion, it has a thick epidermis and open pores

Has the tendency to develop whiteheads and blackheads (comedones and blemishes)

Has an abundance of oil secretions

Commonly affects young teens due to change in hormone levels, diet and stress

Adults can have oily skin which is Hereditary

Oily skin requires more cleansing and exfoliating than other types

the excess oil and buildup on the surface of the skin make it appear thicker and sallow

Internal: overactive sebaceous glands
External: Lipidic skin = excess sebum

External symptoms:
Enlarged pores, thick texture, large amount of blackheads, sometimes pimples and whiteheads, good elasticity, oily film, colour of makeup changes, superfluous hair 

146
Q

Treatment for oily skin:

A

Balancing the skins oil production is important but over cleansing can make it worse by stripping the skins acid mantle and irritating it

The goal is to balance the barrier function

Basic facial to begin and more specific treatments to follow.

people with the skin type need professional treatments more than those with normal skin

All products should be marked for oily skin

147
Q

What is dry skin (alipidic) and what are external and internal symptoms of Dry skin?

A

Characteristics: alpidic (lacks oil), small pores, rough texture and flaky, premature aging, easily irritated, may feel itchy, thin texture, elasticity is weak rarely suffers from acne

Watch out for Couperose (dilated blood vessels) , blotchiness and sensitivities to products

Internal symptoms: dry skin has few or underactive sebaceous and sweat glands

Not enough secretions to protect and lubricate the skin therefore exposing it to dehydration

External symptoms: Small pores, thin skin texture, no blackheads, premature lines, elasticities is weak, tight feeling, flakiness

148
Q

Drying of the skin can be caused by: 

A

Sun exposure, illness, smoking, medication‘s and hormone changes

149
Q

Treatment and product recommendation for dry skin:

A

A basic facial to start, more advanced treatments to follow

All products should be for normal to dry skin
Occlusive products are thick and lay on top of the skin to reduce transepidermal water loss
these products help to hold a moisture and protect the skins top barrier layer which combat dryness

150
Q

What is sensitive skin and what are external and internal symptoms of Sensitive skin?

A

Sensitive skin is a condition

Can be genetically predisposed the skin

can appear on all types

Avoid causing extra stimulation

Characterized by redness

symptoms:

Erythrosis: abnormal redness resulting from dilation of blood vessels generally occurring on cheeks, nose and forehead

Erythema: redness caused by inflammation

Couperose - broken or dilated capillaries

Treatment:
Goal is to sooth irritation

Use gentle cleanser

Less steam and heat

Enzyme peel for sensitive skin

Lipids protect the skin

Serum and moisturizer with lipids is essential for sensitive and dry skin

151
Q

Acne skin

A

Appears commonly on oily skin

Usually in adolescence

Estheticians only treat acne vulgaris

Internal symptoms:
Inflammation of sebaceous glands and hair follicles

External symptoms:

ACNE PUNCTATA : superficial red pimples usually around the blackhead

ACNE ROSACEA : often resembles acne, but often there are no clogged pores or comedones present

Larger than normal pimples that occur on the nose and upper cheek

Lots of redness in skin around papules and pustules

Dehydrated appearance and burning and stinging may be present

ACNE VULGARIS: Can be treated by draining pustules

152
Q

Common causes of acne

A

Hormones, heredity, stress, birth control pills, pregnancy and menopause

Also environmental factors such as heat and humidity, sun exposure, greasy workplace, over cleaning, nutrition/ diet

153
Q

Acne care tips:

A

Eliminate comedogenic products (pore clogging)

Avoid harsh products

Exfoliate follicles to keep sebum from building up

Avoid environmental aggravated such as dirt, grease, sun, humidity and pollution

Benzoyle peroxide or alpha hydroxyl acids are beneficial

Practice stress reduction and good nutrition

154
Q

Asphyxiated skin

A

Coarse to the touch and delicate

Requires the same treatment as dehydrated skin with addition of secretion extraction and frequent exfoliation

Smokers have asphyxiated skin from lack of oxygen characterized by the following:

  • shallow or grey complexion
  • pores filled with blackheads
  • clogged pores and wrinkles
  • exterior layer covered with a film similar to varnish 
155
Q

Actinic keratosis

A

Rough areas resulting from sun exposure

156
Q

Open Comedones

A

Open comedones are blackheads and clogged pores caused by a buildup of debris, oil and dead skin cells in the follicles

157
Q

Closed comedones

A

Closed comedons are not open to the air for oxygen. They are trapped by dead skin cells and need to be exfoliated and extracted

158
Q

Hyperkeratinisation

A

Excessive buildup of cells, a rough texture

159
Q

Hyper pigmentation

A

Brown or dark pigmentation, discolouration from melanin production due to sun or other factors

160
Q

Hypopigmentation

A

White colourless areas from lack of melanin production

161
Q

Milia

A

Hardened, pearl like masses of oil and dead cells trapped beneath the surface of the skin. Millia are not exposed to oxygen and have to be lanced to open and remove them

162
Q

Seborrhea

A

Common skin problem

Causes red, itchy rash and white scales

When it affects the scalp, it is called dandruff

May be on parts of the face including folds around the nose and behind the ears the forehead, eyebrows and eyelids

Occurs more frequently in people with oily skin

163
Q

Wrinkles/ aging

A

Lines and damage from internal or external causes

164
Q

Internal effects on the skin:

A

Genetics and ethnicity

Stress, lifestyle, negative attitude

Free radicals

Dehydration

Vitamin deficiency

Alcohol, caffeine, aging, glycation , hormones

Menopause

Lack of exercise or sleep

Smoking, medication, drugs

Improper Nutrition 

165
Q

External effects on the skin

A

UV exposure and sun damage

Sun lamps and tanning booths

Environmental exposure, pollutants and air quality, climate and humidity

Poor maintenance and skin care

Misuse of products or treatments, over exfoliation or harsh products

Allergies and reactions to environmental factors or products

Photo sensitivity to the sun from medications or products



166
Q

Combination skin

A

Can be both oily and dry at the same time

T-zone is oilier
Outer areas are dry and flaky

Needs to be balanced

Use cleanser appropriate for most problematic area

Use different lotion for the different skin types

External symptoms:
- Medium to large pores

  • Outer areas of the skin can be dry and flaky from dehydration or build up of dead skin cells

Treatment: basic facial to start and more advanced treatments to follow

Recommended products: Products can be mixed and matched to accommodate the changes in the skin

water base products work best for these clients

167
Q

What are skin transition types?

A

Menopause

Puberty

Pregnancy

Skin Care Quiz 2 (2 decks)

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