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NURB 3060 > Skin, Hair, & Nails > Flashcards

Skin, Hair, & Nails Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

functions of the skin

A
  • protection
  • prevents penetration
  • perception
  • temperature regulation
  • identification
  • communication
  • wound repair
  • absorption and excretion
  • production of vitamin D
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2
Q

changes in the aging adult

A
  • losing elasticity
  • sweat and sebaceous glands decreasing, skin becomes dry
  • decreased thermoregulation
  • vascular fragility increase
  • minor injury causes senile purpura (easy, benign bruising
  • sun exposure and cigarette smoking cause wrinkling
  • loss of subcutaneous can increase skin breakdown
  • graying due to loss of melanocytes
  • hair loss, nail changes, women get whiskers
  • self-esteem
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3
Q

common skin variations

A
  • freckles
  • vitiligo
  • striae
  • seborrheic keratosis (a warty or crusty pigmented lesion)
  • scar
  • mole
  • cutaneous tage
  • cutaneous horn
  • cherry angiomas
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4
Q

common skin conditions found in African Americans

A
  • Keloids
  • Post inflammatory hypo or hyperpigmentation
  • Pseudofollicultis-razor bumps or ingrown hair
  • Melasma-”mask of pregnancy”
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5
Q

common variations of pigmentation

A
  • freckles

- moles

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6
Q

moles

A

clumps of melanocytes, tan to brown

-6mm or less, symmetrical, smooth borders, single uniform pigmentation

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7
Q

junctional moles

A

-macular, only in children/adolescents

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8
Q

compound

A

-macular and papular (adolescent to adult)

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9
Q

why is it important to ask about medications when assessing skin

A
  • some can cause photosensitivity reaction if the skin is exposed to UV light
  • some may experience allergic reaction to specific drugs, creams, or ointments
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10
Q

why is it important to ask about nail changes when assessing nails

A

can be a sign of systemic disorders such as malnutrition or local irritation

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11
Q

signs of bacterial infection in nails

A

green, black, or brown nail

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12
Q

signs of fungal infection in nails

A

yellow, thick, crumbling

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13
Q

yeast infection

A

white, separation of nail plate from nail bed

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14
Q

why is changing in sensation of skin important

A
  • may indicate vascular or neurologic problems such as peripheral neuropathy related to DM or arterial occlusive disease
  • can put patient at risk for developing pressure ulcers, impaired skin integrity, and skin infections
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15
Q

why is hair loss an important thing to assess

A

-it can be a sign of infection, stress, hypothyroidism, malabsorption syndromes, malnutrition, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia

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16
Q

how to assess irregular nevi

A 
-ABCDE
A: asymmetry
B: border irregularity
C: color variation
D: Diameter
E: elevation or evolution
-rapid changes, itching, burning, bleeding
-ugly duckling- does it look weird compared to other nevi
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17
Q

risk factors for melanoma

A
  • uv radiation
  • indoor tanning
  • white people 20 times more likely than African Americans, 5 times more likely in Hispanics
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18
Q

types of skin color changes

A
  • pallor
  • erythema
  • cyanosis
  • jaundice
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19
Q

pallor

A
  • white
  • oxygenated hemoglobin in blood are lost-ANEMIA
  • arterial insufficiency
  • shock (with shock-rapid pulse rate, oliguria, apprehension, and restlessness).
  • also caused from vasoconstriction from cold and smoking.
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20
Q

erythema

A
  • red
  • hyperemia in dilated capillaries.
  • Fever, local inflammation
  • emotional reactions (blushing)
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21
Q

cyanosis

A
  • blue
  • decreased perfusion or deoxygenated blood
  • best seen in lips, nose, cheeks, oral mucosa
  • occurs in shock, cardiac arrest, heart failure, chronic bronchitis, congenital heart disease
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22
Q

jaundice

A
  • yellow
  • Hemolytic disease of newborn
  • hepatitis
  • cirrhosis
  • sickle-cell disease
  • transfusion reactions. (caused by a rise in bilirubin in the body, clay colored stools and dark urine as well)
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23
Q

acanthosis nigricans

A
  • discoloration in body folds or creases

- think diabetes

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24
Q

how to assess for temperature

A
  • use the back of hands, checking bilaterally

- skin should be warm and equal bilaterally and suggest normal circulation

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25
hypothermia
- generalized coolness, local coolness can be expected with immobility or case - can occur in shock, cardiac arrest, arterial insufficiency, Raynaud disease
26
hyperthermia
- increased metabolic rate such as in fever or heavy exercise - can be found with trauma, infection, or sunburn - can occur in hypothyroidism
27
moisture
-occurs naturally on face, hands, axillae, and skin folds
28
diaphoresis
- sweating - due to high metabolic rate as in heavy activity, fever, warm environment, or anxiety - seen in thyrotoxicosis (thyroid storm), heart attack, anxiety, or pain
29
where is dehydration assessed and what are the signs
- assessed in oral mucosa and skin turgor | - mucous membranes are dry, skin turgor tents, lips are parched, dry, crack skin
30
assessing texture
- should be smooth, firm, even - in hyperthyroidism skin feels soft like velvet - in hypothyroidism skin feels dry, rough, flaky
31
assessing thickness
- should be uniformly thin over most of the body - have callus areas on palms and soles - in arterial insufficiency skin is very thin and shiny
32
assessing mobility and turgor
- pinch skin fold on the anterior chest under the clavicle - mobility: skin should rise easily (decreased with edema) - turgor: skin ability return to place - slow turgor with dehydration and severe weight loss
33
cherry anginomas
- normal findings especially after 30 - red and small - increase in size and frequency with age
34
petechia
-round red or purple macule that is 1-2 mm in size
35
hematoma
-localized collection of blood
36
spider anginoma
- red arteriole lesion with radiating branches | - seen in liver disease, pregnancy, vitamin B deficiency
37
bruising
- contusion - should be consistent with type of trauma - normally no venous dilations or varicosities
38
stages of bruising
1. red to blue- immediately or within first 24 hours 2. blue to purple 3. blue to green 4. yellow 5. brown to disappearing
39
assessing lesions
- color - elevation: flat, raise, or pedunculated - pattern or shape: angular, grouped, confluent, linear - size: measure in centimeters - location and distribution on body- generalized to any certain area - exudate: note color or odor - palpate and gently scrape any scaling or bleeding - primary or secondary
40
circular lesions
- begins in the center and spreads to periphery | - tinea corporis (ringworm)
41
confluent lesion
- run together | - urticaria (hives)
42
discrete lesion
- distinct lesions that remain separate | - skin tags, acne
43
linear lesion
-scratch, streak, line, or stripe
44
zosteriform lesion
- linear arrangement along a unilateral nerve route | - herpes zoster
45
grouped lesions
- clusters | - vesicles or contact dermatitis
46
primary lesions
- macule - papule - patch - plaque - nodule - wheal - tumor - urticaria - cyst - pustule
47
macule
- less than 1 cm, flat | - freckles
48
papules
- less than 1 cm, raised | - mole or wart
49
patch
- larger than 1 cm | - vitiligo, cafe au lait spot, mongolian spot
50
plaque
- wider than 1 cm - coalesce to form elevation - psoriasis
51
nodule
- less than 1 cm - solid, elevated, hard or soft, may extend deeper into the dermis - fibroma
52
wheal
- superficial, raised, transient, erythematous, irregular shaped from edema - insect bite, allergic reaction
53
tumor
- larger than a few cm in diameter - firm or soft, benign or malignant - lipoma
54
urticaria
- lots of wheals together | - intensely pruritic
55
cyst
- encapsulated fluid-filled cavity in dermis or subcutaneous layer - sebaceous cyst
56
pustule
- turbid fluid fill - circumscribed and elevated - pimple or impetigo
57
secondary skin lesions
- crust - scale - fissure - erosion - ulcer - excoriation - scar - lichenification
58
crust
- dried exudate, color depends on fluid | - impetigo, scab
59
scale
-compact desiccated flakes of skin, dry or greasy, silvery or white
60
fissure
- linear crack, abrupt edges, extends into dermis, dry or moist - cheilosis, athlete's foot
61
erosion
-scooped out shallow depression, epidermis loss, moist but no bleeding, no scar formation
62
ulcer
- deeper depression, extends into dermis and beyond, may bleed, leaves scar - pressure ulcer
63
exoriation
- can be self inflicted from intense itching | - insect bites, scabies, varicella
64
scar
- post repair of lesion-permanent fibrotic change after healing - surgery, injury, acne
65
lichenification
-thickened skin from prolonged scratching
66
nail abnormalities
- thickened nails (may indicate poor circulation) - koilonychia (spoon shaped nails) - pitting (psoriasis) - yellow nail syndrome (respiratory/AIDS) - paronychia (infection around nail bed)
67
mongolian spots
- blue to black to purple macular area at sacrum, buttocks, sometimes abdomen, thighs, shoulder or arms - usually subside within 1 year - common in Black, Asian, American Indian, and Hispanic newborns
68
cafe au lait spot
- large round oval spot of light brown pigmentation - present at birth - normal variant
69
braden scale scoring
- determines pressure sore risk - 19-23 no risk - 15-18—preventative interventions needed - 13-14—Moderate risk - 10-12—High risk - 6-9—very high risk
70
pressure injury risk areas
- head - ear - shoulder - elbow - hip - sacrum - buttocks - knee (inner and outer side) - heel

NURB 3060 (3 decks)

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