Skin, Eyes and Ears Flashcards
1
Q
Common viral infections of the skin and adjacent mucous membranes
A
Warts (Verruca/Papillomas)
2
Q
Etiologic Agent of Warts
A
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
3
Q
Incubation Period of Warts
A
1-8 months
4
Q
S/sx of Warts: Common/Seed Warts observed as raised w/ roughened surface
A
Verruca Vulgaris
5
Q
S/sx of Warts: Flat warts observed as small, smooth flattened, skin/flesh colored
A
Verruca plana
6
Q
S/sx of warts: seen as finger-like w/ horny projection; located on scalp or near hairline
A
Digitate warts
7
Q
S/sx of warts: Single, and thin threadlike projection
A
Filiform warts
8
Q
S/sx of warts: Rough, irregularly shaped, elevated surface
A
Periungual warts
9
Q
Plantar warts; observed as slightly elevated or flat, deep, painful lump, often w/ multiple black specks in the center
A
Verruca pedis
10
Q
S/sx of warts: group of tightly clustered; expansion of plantar wart
A
Mosaic warts
11
Q
Genital warts; Small, pink to red, moist & soft, singly or in large cauliflower
A
Verruca acuminata
12
Q
Confirmatory test for warts to determine whether malignant (cancerous) or benign
A
Tissue Biopsy
13
Q
Diagnostic Procedure for Warts
A
Physical examination HPV DNA testing Tissue biopsy Papanicolaou (Pap) smear Application of 5% acetic acid
14
Q
Treatment for Warts
A
Cryotherapy Laser Surgery Electrosurgery and curettage Electrocautery Surgical excision Special cushions
15
Q
A treatment for warts that uses nitrous oxide to obtain cold temperature in freezing of warts prior to removing.
A
Cryotherapy
16
Q
Complications of Warts
A
Cervical CA
Urinary Obstruction
Scarring
Secondary infection
17
Q
Prevention of Warts
A
HPV Vaccine (Cervarix - 3 doses) Use of condoms and abstinence
18
Q
Encompasses all follicle-associated lesions, from the isolated pimple to severe widespread acne.
A
Acne Vulgaris
19
Q
Etiologic Agent for Acne
A
Propionibacterium acnes
20
Q
Predisposing Factors for Acne
A
heredity
hormonal changes related to puberty
menstrual periods, pregnancy, birth control pills,
certain drugs (ex. corticosteroids, phenytoin, INH)
exposure to heavy oils, greases, or tars, androgen stimulation
trauma or rubbing from tight clothing, cosmetics
emotional stress, and unfavorable climate
21
Q
Pathophysiology of Acne
A
- Plugging of hair follicle
- Sebaceous gland hyperactivity
- Proliferation of bacteria
- Inflammation
22
Q
Other term for Whitehead
A
Closed Comedo
23
Q
Other term for black head
A
Open Comedo
24
Q
Classification of acne observed with erythematous papules & pustules, comedones may be present
A
Inflammatory acne
25
Classification of acne that consist of comedones & inflammatory lesions, deeper nodules & cysts or abscesses
Nodulocystic acne
26
Treatment for acne
Benzoyl Peroxide – for inflammatory acne
Topical retinoic acid (tretinoin) - for comedonal acne
Topical antibiotics – for mild pustular & comedone acne
Systemic antibiotics
Oral contraceptive pills containing estrogens
Oral isotretinoin
27
Complications for Acne
Abscess formation
Permanent scarring
Secondary bacterial infection
28
Medical term for boil
Furuncle
29
An infection of hair follicles; may be single or multiple
Boil (Furuncle)
30
Medical term for cluster of boils
Carbuncles
31
Type of boil which is recurrent abscess of the hair follicle
Chronic Furunculosis
32
Etiologic agent for boils
Staphylococcus aureus
33
Predisposing factors of Boils
Infected wound
Poor hygiene
Impaired immune system
34
S/sx of boils
```
Itching before lump begins to form
Painful red lump
Red, swollen skin around the lump
Pustule w/ yellow-white tip
Exudate
Fever & lymphadenitis
```
35
Tx for Boil
```
Self-limiting
Warm moist compresses
I & D
Antibacterial soap
Mupirocin ointment
Antibiotics (Dicloxacillin, Cephalexin)
```
36
Complications of Boil
Permanent scarring
Spread of infection that trigger secondary infection (cellulitis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, septicemia, and brain abscess)
37
Superficial bacterial skin infection that is HIGHLY contagious
Impetigo
38
Etiologic Agents of Impetigo
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
39
Predisposing Factors of Impetigo
Poor hygiene
Anemia
Malnutrition
Warm climate
40
MOT: Impetigo
Direct contact – most common
Indirect contact via fomites
Mechanical vector transmission
41
IP: Impetigo
2-5 days
42
S/sx of Impetigo
1. Lesions - peeling skin, crusty and flaky scabs, or honey-colored crusts
2. Pruritus
3. Painless, fluid-filled blisters
4. serious form, painful fluid- or pus-filled sores that turn into deep ulcers
5. regional lymphadenopathy
43
Type of Impetigo: starts w/ small red papule turned into vesicle & pustular; honey-colored crust
Non-Bullous
44
Type of Impetigo: <2yrs; painless fluid-filled blisters; yellow-colored crust; located in trunk, arms & legs
Bullous
45
Type of Impetigo: serious form & penetrates into dermis; painful fluid or pus filled sores
Ecthyma
46
Tx for Impetigo
mupirocin (Bactroban)
cephalexin (Keflex)
removal of exudate
antihistamine
47
Complications of Impetigo
```
Glomerulonephritis
Meningitis
Bacteremia
Osteomyelitis
Scarring
```
48
Types of Tinea Infections
Dermatophytosis
Ringworm
Cutaneous Mycoses
49
Group of superficial fungal infections; Affecting the stratum corneum & their hair and nails
Tinea Infections
50
Etiologic Agents of Tinea Infection
1. Epidermophyton
2. Trichophyton
3. Microsporum
51
Risk factors for Tinea Infection
Live in damp, humid or crowded conditions
Have close contact with an infected person or animal
Share clothing, bedding or towels with someone who has a fungal infection
Sweat excessively
Participate in contact sports, such as wrestling,
football or rugby
Wear tight or restricted clothing
Immunosuppression
52
MOT: Tinea Infection
Direct contact
Indirect contact
Contact w/ contaminate animals or soil
53
Classification of Tinea Infection: scalp
S/sx: Small scaly patches
Severe inflammatory reaction
alopecia
tinea capitis
54
Classification of Tinea Infection: body
S/sx: Dry & scaly or moist & crusty reddis rings
Pustule
Pruritus
tinea corporis
55
Classification of Tinea Infection: chin; aka barber's itch
S/sx: Pustular folliculitis
tinea barbae
56
Classification of Tinea Infection: groin; aka jock itch
S/sx: Red lesions & Pruritus
tinea cruris
57
Classification of Tinea Infection: feet; aka athlete's foot
```
S/sx: Scales
Blisters
Crust
Patches
Pruritus
Pain
```
tinea pedis
58
Classification of Tinea Infection: nails
```
S/sx:
White patches in nail bed
Thickening
Distortion
Darkening
```
tinea unguium (onychomycosis)
59
Classification of Tinea Infection: hands
S/sx: white and scaly patches to deep and fissured lesions
Pruritus
tinea manuum
60
Diagnostic Procedure for Tinea Infections
P.E.
KOH w/ microscopic exam
Skin Culture
61
Antifungal tx for Tinea infection
```
Griseofulvin
Itraconazole
Miconazole
Tolnaftate
Terbinafine
Thiabendazine
```
62
Surgical procedure for Tinea infections that removes dead (necrotic) or infected skin tissue
Debridement
63
Complications of Tinea Infections
Hair or nail loss
| Secondary bacterial or candidal infection
64
Prevention for Tinea Infection
```
Hand washing
Keep the nails short & straight.
Expose feet to air whenever possible.
Wear sandals or leather shoes & clean cotton socks.
Good hygiene
Wearing loose-fitting clothing.
Educate about the risk of ringworm from infected persons or pets.
Stay cool and dry.
Avoid infected animals.
Don't share personal items.
Contact precaution
```
65
mild superficial fungal infection; affects the nails (onychomycosis), skin (diaper rash), or mucous membranes, especially the oropharynx (thrush), vagina, esophagus & GI tract
Candidiasis
66
Other medical term for Candidiasis
Moniliasis or Candidosis
67
Causative AgentsL Candidiasis
```
Candida albicans
C. parapsilosis
C. tropicalis
C. glabrata
C. guilliermondii
```
68
Predisposing Factors: Candidiasis
Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics
| immunocompromised
69
MOT: Candidiasis
Endogenous spread
Direct contact
Mother to infant during childbirth
70
S/sx of Candidiasis: Skin
scaly erythematous, papular rash, sometimes covered w/ exudates appearing below the breast, between fingers, axillae, groin & umbilicus. Diaper rash w/ papules at the edges of the rash
71
S/sx of Candidiasis: Onychomycosis
red, swollen, darkened nail bed; occasionally, purulent discharge and the separation of pruritic nail from the nail bed
72
S/sx of Candidiasis: Thrush
cream-colored or bluish-white patches of exudates
swelling causing respiratory distress in infants
burning sensation
73
S/sx of Candidiasis: Esophageal mucosa
dysphagia
Regurgitation
retrosternal pain
scales in the mouth and throat
74
S/sx of Candidiasis: Vaginal mucosa
```
white or yellow discharge
pruritus
local excoriation
white or gray raised patches on vaginal walls
local inflammation
dyspareunia
```
75
S/sx of Candidiasis: Systemic infection
```
chills
high fever
hypotension
rash
prostration
myalgia
arthralgia
```
76
Dx Procedure for Candidasis
P.E.
gram stain – for superficial candidiasis
blood or tissue culture - for systemic infection
77
Tx for Candidiasis
nystatin – for superficial candidiasis
clotrimazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole & miconazole *for mucous membrane & vaginal candida infections
IV amphotericin B – for systemic infection
78
Pink eye; Most common & treatable eye infections; Benign & self-limiting, may also be chronic
Conjunctivitis
79
Bacterial Etiologic Agent: Conjunctivitis
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrheae, Neisseria meningitidis, Chlamydia trachomatis
80
Viral Etiologic Agents: Conjunctivitis
adenovirus types 3,7, and 8; herpes simplex virus type 1
81
IP: Conjunctivitis
Bacterial = 24–72 hours,
Chlamydia trachomatis = 5–12 days
Viral = 12 hours – 3 days
82
Types of Conjunctivitis
```
Bacterial
Neonatal
Chlamydial
Viral
Allergic
Vernal
Chemical
```
83
S/sx of Conjunctivitis
```
Pink or red color sclerae
Swelling
Tearing
Photophobia
Pruritus (allergic conjunctivitis)
Yellow-green discharge (bacterial conjunctivitis)
Burning Sensation (chemical conjunctivitis)
Irritation
Feeling like a foreign
body in the eye
Crusting of eyelids or lashes
Cold, flu, or other respiratory
infection may also be present
Photophobia
Slight blurring of vision
Enlarged lymph nodes
Itchy nose, sneezing, a scratchy
throat, or asthma
(allergic conjunctivitis)
```
84
Tx for Conjunctivitis
Bacterial - Ciprofloxacin
Viral - Sulfonamide
Neonatal - Topical erythromycin & cephalosporin
Chemical - flushing w/ NSS, topical steroids
Vernal - Corticosteroid drops, cromolyn sodium, cold
compress, oral antihistamine
Herpes -Trifluridine drops or vidarabine ointment or
oral acyclovir
85
Complications of Conjunctivitis
Corneal Ulceration
Corneal infiltrates
Keratitis
Blindness
86
Swimmer's ear; Inflammation of the skin of the external ear canal and auricle
Otitis Externa
87
Etiologic Agents: Otitis Externa
```
Staphylococcus aureus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Group A streptococci
Proteus vulgaris
Candida albicans
Aspergillus niger
```
88
S/sx for Acute Otitis Externa
```
moderate to severe pain
red and swollen canal
fever, foul-smelling discharge
regional cellulitis
partial hearing loss
crusting in the external ear
itching
black or gray, blotting, paper-like growth in ear canal
```
89
S/sx for Chronic Otitis Externa
```
Intense pruritus
Scaling and skin thickening
narrowing of the lumen
Aural discharge
Asteatosis
```
90
Tx for Otitis Externa
```
Heat therapy
Aspirin / acetaminophen /codiene
Polymyxin eardrops
Keratolytic : 2% salicylic acid
Nystatin
```
91
Complications of Otitis Externa
```
Otitis media
Hearing loss
Cellulitis
Abscesses
Stenosis of the ear canal
Malignant otitis externa
```
92
Prevention for Otitis Externa
Keep your ears dry and clean.
Wear earplugs when swimming.
Instill two or three drops of 3% boric acid solution in 70% alcohol before and after swimming
Avoiding irritants, such as hair-care products and earrings.
Avoiding cotton tipped applicators or other objects when cleaning the ears.
93
An inflammation of the middle ear that may be suppurative or secretory, acute or chronic, persistent, or unresponsive.
Otitis Media
94
Etiologic Agents: Otitis Media
```
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Hemophilus influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis
Beta-hemolytic streptococci
Staphylococcus aureus
```
95
S/sx of Otitis Media
```
Earache
Runny or stuffy nose
Cough
Headaches
Fever
Nausea & vomiting
Tinnitus
Dizziness
Irritability
Sleep disturbance
Purulent drainage Temporary hearing loss
```
96
Risk Factors: Otitis Media
```
Age
Normally wider, shorter, more horizontal Eustachian tube
Increased lymphoid tissue
Anatomic anomalies
Gastroesophageal reflux
Genetic predisposition
URTI or allergies
Seasonality
Day-care center attendance
Bottle feeding
Exposure to passive smoking
Use of pacifiers
```
97
Types of Otitis Media
Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media
| Chronic Secretory Otitis Media
98
Dx Procedure: Otitis Media
Culture and sensitivity test
Radiographic studies or computed tomography
Tympanometry and audiometry
99
Tx for Otitis Media
Amoxicillin
Cefuroxime
Azithromycin
100
Surgical procedure to treat otitis media by creating a hole in the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to drain the fluid trapped in the middle ear.
Myringotomy
101
Complications: Otitis Media
```
Spontaneous rupture of tympanic membrane
Mastoiditis
Meningitis
Septicemia
Abscesses
Vertigo
Permanent hearing loss
Suppurative labyrinthitis
Facial paralysis
Otitis externa
Tympanosclerosis
```
102
Prevention: Otitis Media
Reduce risk of having colds especially among
children.
Compliance to the medication Proper positioning during feeding of the infant.
Avoid smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke.
Avoid exposure to air pollution.
Immunization
Breastfeeding
Avoid close contact with other children who are known to be infected.
