Skin Cancer + Leg Ulcers Flashcards by user delete

what are the 2 categories of skin cancer?

melanoma

- non-melanoma

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within the non melanoma category of skin cancer, what are the 2 types of cancer?

squamous cell carcinoma

- basal cell carcinoma

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where do basal cell carcinomas arise from?

keratinocytes within the basal layer of the epidermis

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where do squamous cell carcinomas arise from?

keratiocytes within suprabasal layers of the epidermis

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where do melanomas arise from?

melanocytes within the basal layer of the epidermis

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what is the fastest increasing cancer in scotland?

melanomas

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compare BCCs and SCCs in terms of onset?

BCCs- slow-growing

SCCs- grow much faster

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compare BCCs and SCCs in terms of likelihood to metastasise?

BCCs rarely metastasise

SCCs metastasise much more frequently

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compare BCCs and SCCs in terms of pain?

SCCs are more likely to be painful

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compare BCCs, SCCs and melanomas in terms of possible sun exposure causes?

BCCs + melanomas- tend to be due to previous high intensity intermittent sun exposure (eg burning as a child)

SCCs- tend to be due to cumulative sun exposure

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if a melanoma depth is less than 1mm, what is the 5 year survival rate?

95 - 100%

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if a melanoma depth is greater than 4mm, what is the 5 year survival rate?

50%

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if there is evidence of distant spread of a melanoma, what is the 5 year survival rate?

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what is the ABCDE rule for a suspected melanoma?

Asymmetry
Border
Colour
Diameter
Evolution

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what colour of a lesion should suggest a melanoma?

dark brown

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what blood vessels can you usually see within a BCC?

absorbing blood vessels

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why are morphoeic (infiltrative) BCCs the most difficult to manage?

even though they look small, they are sending roots into the surrounding skin

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what are the 2 known precursor lesions to a SCC?

actinic keratoses

bowen’s disease

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what is a keratoacanthoma?

a lesion which mimics an SCC but is benign and self-resolving

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what does a bowen’s disease lesion look like?

erythematous plaque

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in Europe and Australia, SCCs are more commonly caused by sun exposure, in Asia what is the most common cause?

caused by a chronic ulcer

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what is skin type 1?

always burns, never tans

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what is skin type 2?

usually burns, can tan

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what is skin type 3?

usually tans, can burn

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what is skin type 4?

always tans, never burns

what is skin type 5?

'brown' skin

what is skin type 6?

'black' skin

what skin type is most prone to developing skin cancers?

type 1 skin

recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa is caused by a deficiency with what type of collagen?

type 7

what is carcinogenesis?

the process by which a normal cell becomes a malignant cancer cell

how does UV radiation damage DNA?

by creating mutations

does UVA cause DNA damage directly or indirectly?

indirectly

does UVB cause DNA damage directly or indirectly?

directly

which is more damaging to DNA- UVA or UVB?

UVB

UVA causes damage indirectly to the DNA through what type of damage?

oxidative damage

which absorbs UV more efficiently- eumelanin or pheomelanin?

eumelanin

is solar ageing more due to UVA or UVB?

UVA

is sunburn/solar lentigo more due to UVA or UVB?

UVB

what gene determines the balance of pigment in skin and hair?

MC1R | melanocortin 1 receptor

what is the function of MC1R? (melanocortin 1 receptor)

turning phaeomelanin into eumelanin

what phenotype is caused by one defective copy of MC1R?

freckling

what phenotype is caused by two defective copies of MC1R?

red hair and freckling

what are freckles?

patches of increased pigment associated with increased basal melanocytes

when do freckles occur?

after UV exposure

when do actinic/solar lentigines occur?

after UV exposure

what pathology occurs in actinic/solar lentigines?

acanthosis | elongation of rete ridges

are most naevie congenital or acquired?

acquired

when are most naevi acquired?

childhood

how do simple naevi's form?

break down of melanocyte: keratinocye ratio during infancy

what are the 3 stages of acquired naevus development?

1. junctional naevus in childhood 2. compound naevus in adolescence/early adulthood 3. intradermal naevus in adulthood

what is a junctional naevus?

clusters of melanocytes at the DE junction

what is a compound naevus?

clusters of melanocytes at DE junction and also clusters within dermis

what is a intradermal naecus?

clusters of melanocytes within dermis | all junctional activity has ceased

what can happen to dysplastic naevi if left?

develop into a melanoma

what is a halo naevi?

a benign naevi where the melanocytes are attacked by lymphocytes causing a peripheral halo of depigmentation

what are blue naevi?

a benign naevie which is entirely dermal and consists of pigment-rich dendritic spindle cells

what can Spitz naevi closely mimic?

melanoma

what are the 4 main types of melanoma?

- superficial spreading - acral/mucosal lentiginous - lentigo maligna - nodular

which are the 2 most common types of melanoma?

- superficial spreading | - lentigo maligna

where do superficial spreading melanomas commonly occur?

trunk and limbs

where do acral/mucosal lentiginous melanomas occur?

acral (palms, fingers, soles of feet, nails) | and mucosal areas

where do lentigo maligna melanomas commonly occur?

sun-damaged face, neck, scalp

what causes regressed areas within melanomas?

lymphocytes attacking the melanocytes

with superficial spreading melanomas, acral/mucosal lentiginous melanomas and lentigo maligna melanomas, what is the progression of a melanoma?

radial growth phase (a macule is formed) followed by vertical growth phase (dermis is invaded)

in what growth phase can melanomas metastasise?

only in vertical growth phase

what is the main difference with nodular melanomas to the other types?

no radial growth phase | only a vertical growth phase

which is the most common type of melanoma?

superficial spreading melanoma

what are the 3 main subtypes of basal cell carcinoma?

- nodular - superficial - infiltrative (morphoeic)

what is the definition of a leg ulcer?

any break in the skin of the lower leg above the ankle | which has been present for more than 4 weeks

what are the normal ranges of ABPI?

0.8 - 1.3

what ranges of ABPI show vascular disease?

less than 0.8

compare venous and arterial ulcer in terms of the border?

venous have a much more shallow edge/border

where do venous ulcers tend to develop?

around the malleoli

what are the 5 layers of the scalp?

``` Skin Connective tissue Aponeurosis Loose connective tissue Parietal bone ```

Skin Cancer + Leg Ulcers Flashcards

(74 cards)