Skin & Body Membranes Flashcards
cover surfaces, line body cavities, and form protective sheets around organs
body membranes
3 epithelial membranes
cutaneous membrane, mucous membrane, serous membrane
type of connective membrane
synovial membrane
simple organ consisting of an epithelial sheet bound to an underlying layer of connective tissue proper
epithelial membranes
skin
cutaneous membrane
dry membrane
cutaneous membrane
contains the epidermis and dermis
cutaneous membrane
composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
epidermis
mostly dense (fibrous) connective tissue
dermis
moist tissue layer lining hollow organs and cavities of the body that open to the environment
mucous membrane
adapted for absorption and secretion
mucous membrane
mucous membrane is located in the (2)
respiratory and digestive tract
composed of epithelium resting on a loose connective tissue membrane called a
mucous membrane
loose connective tissue in mucous membrane
lamina propria
Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body
serous membrane
A clear, watery fluid secreted by the cells of a serous membrane.
serous fluid
joins and connects bones together
connective tissue membranes
where are connective tissue membranes found
joints
the synovial membrane has
loose areolar CT
why does the synovial membrane takes time to heal
bc of the poor to no blood supply
what lines the fibrous capsules surrounding joints
synovial membrane
the synovial membrane surrounds the
bursae & tendon sheaths
what does synovial secretes to cushion organs during muscle activty
lubricating fluid
for insulation and cushion; protection against water loss, microbes, UV light, bumps and cuts, acids and bases, heat or cold
integumentary system
why does the integumentary maintain temperature
homeostasis
for excretion of wastes
integumentary system
the integumentary system produces Vitamin_
D
UV light stimulates the production of
VitD
Layers of the Skin
dermis and epidermis
capable of being hard and tough
epidermis
what epithelial tissue is present in the epidermis
stratified squamous epithelium - keratinized
what cell produces keratin
keratinocytes
poor to no blood supply
avascular
5 layers of epidermis
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
deepest layer of the epidermis
stratum basale
the cells in stratum basale undergo
mitosis
which are actively dividing in stratum basale
stem cells
in stratum basale what cells are pushed upward to become superficial layers
daughter cells
thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin
stratum spinosum
what are evident in the stratum granulosum
keratinocytes
has many granules
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum are formed from
dead cels
occurs in thick hairless skin of the palms and soles
stratum lucidum
outermost layer of the epidermis
stratum corneum
stratum corneum are filled with
keratin
shingle-like dead cells
stratum corneum
makes the skin a dry membrane
keratin
protective protein and prevents water loss from skin
keratin
pigment that produces melanin
melanocytes
where are melanocytes most commonly found
stratum basale
melanin accumulates in membrane-bound granules called
melanosomes
the amount of melanin produced depends on the
genetics and exposure to sunlight
Alert and active immune cells to a threat (bacterial or
viral invasion)
epidermal denditric cells
merkel cells are associated with
sensory nerve endings
serve as touch receptors
merkel discs
CT underlying the epidermis
dermis
2 layers of dermis
papillary layer and reticular layer
papillary layer contain projections called
dermal papillae
it is on the palm and sole surface; house touch and pain receptors
papillary layer
what does papillary layer do
increase prediction and gripping ability
deepest skin layer of dermis
reticular layer
reticular layer contains the (3)
blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, lamellar corpuscles
cutaneous sensory receptors, Phagocytes, Collagen and elastic fibers, Blood vessels
dermis
a sense organ of the skin for pressure (kurot)
pacinian corpuscles
a sense organ of the skin for pain
nociceptor
a sense organ of the skin for touch
meissner’s corpuscles
a sense organ of the skin for heat or cold
thermoreceptor corpuscles
Due to embarrassment, inflammation,
hypertension, fever, or allergy
Redness (erythema)
Due to emotional stress (such as fear),
anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area
Pallor (blanching)
Indicates a liver disorder
Jaundice (yellow cast)
hematomas
bruises (black and blue marks)
exocrine glands; hair, hair follicles, nails
cutaneous glands
Located all over the skin except for palms and soles
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Sebaceous (oil) glands produces ___ that makes the skin soft and moist
sebum (oil)
Prevents hair from becoming brittle
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Kills bacteria
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Sebaceous (oil) glands are activated during
puberty
for thermoregulation
sweat (sudoriferous) glands
Produce sweat widely distributed in the skin
Sweat (sudoriferous) glands
Located at the rest of the body, such as face; Open via duct to sweat pores on the skin’s surface
eccrine glands
eccrine glands produce
acidic sweat
for body temperature regulation
eccrine glands
apocrine glands are located at
axillary and genital region
Begin to function at puberty
apocrine glands
apocrine glands release sweat that contains
fatty acids and proteins (milky or yellowish)
in apocrine glands, the resident microflora uses this as a food that produces foul odor
proteins and fatty acids
play a minimal role in body temperature
regulation
proteins and fatty acids
play a minimal role in body temperature
regulation
proteins and fatty acids
hair is produced by
hair follicle
hair consists of
hard keratinized epithelial cells
what provides pigment for hair color
melanocytees
where does hair grow
matrix of hair bulb in startum basale
hair follicle is composed of
epithelial root sheath and fibrous
sheath
deepest part of the hair follicle in the dermal region where it provides blood supply
hair bulb
connects to the hair follicle to pull hairs upright when we are cold or frightened
Arrector pili muscle
Heavily keratinized, scale-like modifications of the
epidermis
nail
where the stratum basale extends and is responsible for hair growth
nail bed
what causes colorless nails
lack of pigment
in nail anatomy, the visible attached potion is
body
skin folds that overlap the edges of the nail
nail folds
proximal edge
cuticle
embedded on the skin
root nails
Growth of the nail occurs from
nail matrix
most common disorders in the skin are caused by
pathogens, bacteria, viruses & fungi
what causes athlete’s foot
fungal infection (Tinea pedis)
Most common dermatophyte infection
athlete’s foot
Itchy, red peeling skin between toes
athlete’s foot
what causes boils
inflammation of hair follicles
what causes carbuncles
staphylococcus aureus bacteria
what causes cold sores
human herpesvirus 1
The virus inhabits the cutaneous nerve where it
remains dormant and gets activities by emotional
upset, fever, or UV radiation
Cold sores (fever blisters)
Blisters itch and sting
Cold sores (fever blisters0
causes impetigo
staphylococcus & streptococcus bacterium
pink, fluid-filled raised lesions around mouth/nose
impetigo
Highly contagious and can be easily contracted by
individuals who touched an infected person
impetigo
what causes contact dermatitis
exposure to chemicals
provoke allergic responses such as itching, redess,
and swelling of the skin, which may progress to
blistering
Contact dermatitis
what causes Psoriasis
Chronic condition and an autoimmune disorder
Triggered by trauma, infection, hormonal changes, or
stress
psoriasis
Red, epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery
scales that itch, burn, crack, or sometimes bleed
psoriasis
Tissue damage and cell death
burns
Caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals
burns
associated with Protein denaturation and cell death &
Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
burns
Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
shutdown of kidneys and circulatory shock
a condition in which there is an inadequate circulation of blood below blood volume
Circulatory shock
Result in loss of body fluids and infection from
invasion of bacteria
burns
burnt skin is sterile for how many hours before pathogens invade the area
24 hours
what is used to estimate the extent of a burn to assess the needed treatment
rule of nines
● Only epidermis is damaged
● Skin is red and swollen
● Temporary discomfort
● Heals within 2-3 days
First-degree burn (superficial burn)
ex of First-degree burn (superficial burn)
sunburn
● Epidermis and superficial part of dermis are damaged
● Skin is red, painful, and blistered
● Regrowth of the epithelium can occur
● Can be caused by hot water, open flames, chemicals,
electricity
Second-degree burn (partial thickness burn)
● Destroys epidermis and dermis and also extends to
the subcutaneous tissue
● Burned area is painless
● Requires skin grafts, as regeneration is not possible
● Burned area is blanched (gray-white) or black
Third-degree burns (full-thickness burn)
a surgical procedure that involves removing skin from one area of the body and transplanting it to the other area of the body
skin grafting
● Extends into deeper tissues (bone, muscle, tendons)
● Appears dry and leathery
● Requires surgery and grafting
● May require amputation
Fourth-degree burn (full-thickness burn)
Tumors arise in the skin. Most of it is benign.
cancer
most common types of skin cancer
● Basal cell carcinoma
● Squamous cell carcinoma
● Malignant melanoma
cancer are caused by
● Overexposure to UV lights
● Tanning beds
Least malignant and most common type of skin
cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
Arises from cells in stratum basale that are altered so
that they can no longer make keratin.
Basal cell carcinoma
lesions in basal cell carcinoma appear __ that develop a central ulcer; appear on sun-exposed areas of the face
appear as shiny, dome-shaped nodules
Slow growing neoplasm and they metastasize seldomly
Basal cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma can be removed
surgically
Squamous cell carcinoma are induced by
UV exposure
Arises from cells of stratum spinosum
squamous cell carcinoma
lesions in squamous cell carcinoma appear __ that
gradually form shallow ulcers
scaly, reddened papules
Early removal through surgery and radiation therapy
allows a good chance of cure
Squamous cell carcinoma
Metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed; Usually appear on the scalp, ears, ack of the hands,
and lower limb
Squamous cell carcinoma
Most deadly skin cancers, but accounts for only 5% of
skin cancers (rare); May develop when there are pigmented nodes
malignant melanoma
Arises from melanocytes
malignant melanoma
Appear from brown to black patch
Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
malignant melanoma
how to recognize malignant melanoma
asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolution
A downy hair covers the body by the fifth or sixth
month of fetal development but appears by birth
Lanugo
An oily covering; apparent at birth
White cheesy looking substance produced by the
sebaceous gland that Protects the baby’s skin while
inside the mother’s womb
vernix caseosa
Small white spots; Common at birth and disappear by the third week
millia
Appear during adolescence; Changes in the skin appear bc of abrasion, chemicals, wind, and other irritants
acne
