Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

UM - Integumentary > Skin Basics & Prevention > Flashcards

Skin Basics & Prevention Flashcards

1
Q

What comes from the ectoderm?

A
  • Epidermis
  • Hair
  • Glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What comes from the mesoderm?

A
  • Dermis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What comes from the endoderm?

A
  • Epithelial linings
  • Linings of the glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the baby coated with at birth?

A
  • Vernix caseosa: a whitish paste formed by secretions from sebaceous glands and degenerated epidermal cells and hairs in order to protect the skin against the amniotic fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are dermatoglyphs?

A

The skin ridges that fingerprints are based on that develop from 3-6 months of gestation from genetic factors and remain the same for life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the stratum corneum?

A
  • Layer closest to the surface that is dead skin cells
  • Looser appearance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the stratum lucidum?

A
  • Several layers of flattened dead cells and is only found in thick skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the stratum spinosum?

A
  • Spine-like cytoplasmic extensions of the cells interconnect this layer giving it a “spiny” appearance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the stratum basale?

A
  • Deepest layer of the epidermis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How long does renewal of the human epidermis take?

A

3-4 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the most common type of skin cells?

A

Keratinocytes (90%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are melanocytes?

A
  • migratory neural crest cells that invade the epidermis and produce melanin to protect against UV light
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are Keratinocytes?

A

Most common skin cell that makes keratin to provide strength to the skin, hair & nails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the ratio of keratinocytes to melanocytes in the stratum basale?

A

1 melanocytes for 5-6 keratinocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are Langerhans Cells and where do you find them?

A
  • Cells in the deeper layers of the epidermis that play a role in the immune reactions of the epidermis helping to initiate an immune response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are merkel cells?

A
  • Cells that provide information on light touch sensation and may be associated with sensory nerve endings as “Merkel nerve endings”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When do we begin to develop hair?

A

12 weeks of gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T or F: In a hairy area, your skin takes longer to heal

A

False - when there is a lot of hair, the epithelial cells migrate to the surface and help to close the wound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A
  • Make sebum: an oil lubricant, and buds from the side of a developing hair follicle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an apocrine gland?

A

A highly coiled sweat gland that pinches off and is released into the lumen and plays a role in sexual and social communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is eccrine sweat gland?

A

A solid, unbranched epithelial downgrowth that coils at the tip to form secretory portion & is attached to the epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary (loose) and Reticular (Dense irregular - 80%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the contents of the dermis?

A
  • collagen
  • elastin
  • ground substances
  • fibroblasts
  • macrophages
  • mast cells
  • leukocytes
  • lymphatic glands
  • blood vessels
  • nerve fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where are the epidermis and dermis:
a. thickest
b. thinnest

A

A. Epidermis thickest at palms/soles (1.5 mm) and dermis at the back (3.0 mm)
B. Epidermis thinnest at eyelids (0.05 mm) and dermis at eyelids (0.3 mm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the contents of the hypodermis/subcutaneous tissue

A
  • Adipose tissue
  • Fascia
  • Large nerves, blood vessels, and fibroblasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the functions of the hypodermis?

A
  • Regulate skin and body temperature
  • absorb shock
  • connect skin to underlying tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A
  • Sensation
  • Prevention of fluid loss
  • Immunity
  • Thermoregulation
  • Protection from UV Rays
  • Synthesis & Storage of Vitamin D
  • Aesthetic and Communication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the most prevalent diagnosis impacting skin sensation?

A
  • Diabetic polyneuropathy –> leads to trauma that can be unnoticed causing wounds that are difficult to heal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are free nerve endings?

A
  • unencapsulated nn endings in the stratum basale that play a role in thermoregulation, nociception, and cutaneous mechanoreception
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are tactile/Merkel’sDisks

A

Slow-adapting, un-encapsulated nerve endings that respond to light touch

31
Q

What are Meissner’s corpuscles?

A

Rapidly-adapting, encapsulated neurons that respond to low-frequency vibrations and touch

32
Q

What is a Krause bulb?

A

An encapsulated nerve fiber in the middle dermal layer that detects light pressure, soft low vibrations, and cold temperatures

33
Q

What are Ruffini endings?

A

A slow adapting, encapsulated receptor that responds to skin stretch and plays a role in warm temperatures

34
Q

What is a root hair plexus?

A

A network of sensory fibers around the root of the hair follicles in the deep dermis that detect and transmit any hair movement

35
Q

What are pacinian corpuscles?

A

Rapidly-adapting, deep receptors that respond to deep pressure and high frequency vibration

36
Q

What is hygroscopy?

A

The natural moisturizing factors that attract and hold water in the stratum corneum

37
Q

What are the 3 properties that contribute to the skins role in the body’s immune system?

A
  • Langerhans cells
  • Acidic pH
  • Antimicrobial peptides and lipids
38
Q

What happens when you get cold?

A

Blood flow constricts and reduces flow of blood to the skin + goosebumps

39
Q

What happens when you get hot?

A

Blood dilates so more blood flow to the skin

40
Q

What is normal skin blood flow at rest/inactive?

A

30-40 mL/min/100g

41
Q

Where is vitamin D3 made?

A

In the stratum basale and stratum spinosum

42
Q

What are age related epidermal changes?

A
  • flattening of dermal-epidermal junction
  • changes in basal cells
  • dec. in langerhans cells
  • dec. in melanocytes
  • thinning
43
Q

What are age-related dermal changes?

A
  • dec. dermal thickness
  • degeneration of elastin fibers
  • dec. vascularization
44
Q

What are age-related subcutaneous changes?

A
  • It thins leading to a decreased ability to maintain body temperature
45
Q

What are the appendage changes of aging skin?

A
  • Dec sweat glands, specialized nerve endings, hair bulb melanocytes, hair follicles
  • Sebaceous glands produce less oil
46
Q

Define erosin?

A

Loss of superficial epidermis only

47
Q

Presentation of erosin

A
  • Lack of bleeding, increased redness of skin
  • Ex: Abrasion, superficial burns
48
Q

How do erosions heal?

A
  • local inflammatory response & epidermal replacement from migrating keratinocytes
49
Q

Define partial thickness skin wound?

A

Loss of the epidermis and part of the dermis

50
Q

Presentation of partial thickness skin wound?

A

Bleeding
- Ex. Stage II Pressure ulcers, second degree burns, skin tears, deep abrasions

51
Q

How do partial thickness wounds heal?

A

Re-epithelialization as a result of epithelial cell migration from wound edges, hair follicles, & sebaceous glands (7-10 days)

52
Q

Define full thickness wound

A

Loss of epidermis and dermis, extending into the subcutaneous tissue and in some cases involving bone, tendon, or muscle

53
Q

What are examples of a full thickness wound?

A
  • Full thickness/Third degree burns
  • Stage 3&4 pressure ulcers
  • Sx incisions
  • Traumatic wounds
  • Wounds that require debridement
54
Q

How do full thickness wounds heal?

A

Secondary intention

55
Q

What are the mechanisms of cell injury?

A
  • Ischemia
  • Infections
  • Immune rxns
  • genetic
  • nutritoinal
  • physical
  • mechanical
  • chemical
  • pyschological
56
Q

What are the types of cell injury?

A
  • Reversible: Non-lethal
  • Irreversible: Apoptosis & Necrosis
57
Q

What is coagulative necrosis?

A

Necrosis from ischemia/infarction that is firm & denser than surrounding tissue

58
Q

What is caseous gangrene?

A

From TB or fungal infections where all cellular outline is lost and tissue appears crumbly and cheese like

59
Q

What is liquefactive gangrene?

A

From a bacteria (Ex. Staph auerus) where the tissue becomes softened and liquefied

60
Q

What is fatty necrosis?

A

From acute pancreatitis/abdominal trauma where the fat is broken down in the subcutaneous tissue

61
Q

What is fibrinoid necrosis?

A

From trauma in a blood vessel wall that causes breakdown products of fibrin and collagen

62
Q

What is gangrenous necrosis?

A

Discolored or black tissue and associated sloughing of natural tissue that can be dry or wet

63
Q

What are 4 healing response mechanisms?

A
  1. Continuous cell cycling
  2. Cell proliferation
  3. Cell regeneration
  4. Fibroproliferative resonse/healing
64
Q

What is healing by primary intention (Category 1)?

A
  • A clean surgical incision w/no contamination and minimal tissue loss where the edges can be approximated and secured w/sutures, staples or surgical glue
65
Q

What is healing by delayed primary intention (Category 2)?

A

Wound edges are not approximated & body has release of multiple proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines & growth factors w/foreign debris walled off by macrophages

66
Q

What is healing by secondary intention (Category 3)?

A

An inflammatory response w/granulation tissue formation and re-epithelialization w/wound contraction by myofibroblasts

67
Q

What is healing for partial thickness wounding (Category 4)?

A

Healing from epithelial cell mitosis and migration w/epithelial islands forming

68
Q

List the stages of acute wound healing

A
  • Hemostasis
  • Inflammation
  • Proliferation
  • Remodeling
69
Q

What is hemostasis?

A
  1. Vasoconstriction of injured vessel (to stop bleeding)
  2. Vasodilation of adjoining vasculature once a stable
  3. Stable clot formed
70
Q

What happens during the inflammation stage?

A
  • Immune response initiated
  • Slough is formed (from autolytic process)
  • Wound debridement (of eschar by from macrophages)
  • Neo-angiogenesis: tissue formation supported
71
Q

What occurs during the proliferation phase?

A
  • Angiogenesis (new blood vessels to give nutrients and take away waste)
  • Fibroplasia (Fibroblasts migrate and begin to lay down collagen I and III)
  • Matrix deposition (Fills in the gaps)
  • Epithelialization (Keratinocytes migrate to resurface the wound)
72
Q

What occurs during remodeling?

A
  • dermal regeneration
  • wound contraction (Dec. size)
  • Programmed shrinkage of granulation tissue
73
Q

What two nutritional components are important for tissue healing?

A

Protein and Vitamin C

74
Q

What is a macule?

A

Slide 55

UM - Integumentary (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions