Skin and Musculoskeletal Pathology Flashcards
What are the characteristics of vocal cord nodules
Bilateral
On opposing surfaces of vocal fold
Usually on middle third
Reactive change of laryngeal mucosa and storm resulting in benign polypoid or nodular growth
Caused by vocal abuse and phonation changes
What are the characteristics of vocal cord polyps
Unilateral
Usually in Reinke’s space/ ventricular space
Anterior half
Caused by vocal abuse and phonation changes
Reactive change of laryngeal mucosa and storm resulting in benign polypoid or nodular growth
What are the histological features of vocal cord nodules and polyps
Epithelium usually unremarkable
Initially the storm is oedematous, with myxoid matrix
Later the storm may demonstrate a spectrum of vascular proliferation, hyaline change or fibrosis
What is squamous cell carcinoma of larynx
Malignant tumour characterised by squamous differentiation
1% of all cancers but 90% of head and neck cancers
Supraglottic and glottic regions most affected
Males> Females
Associated with tobacco and alcohol abuse
Prognosis dependent on site, size stage and differentiation
90% 5 year survival for T1 lesion
Less than 50% for T4 lesion
What are sinonasal polyps
Polypoid lesions formed by expansion of the lamina proprietary by fluids, protein and fibrosis
In nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
What are the clinical features of sinonasal polyps
Rhinorrhoea Nasal stuffiness Obstruction Chronic headache Excellent prognosis but often recurrent
What is the aetiology of sinonasal polyps
Allergy Infection Diabetes Aspirin sensitivity Asthma Cystic fibrosis
What is allergic fungal sinusitis
An allergic response to fungal allergens
Allergic symptoms
Nasal discharge
Rhinorrhoea
What is oral lichen planus
Common and chronic self-limited inflammatory mucocutaneous disorder of unknown aetiology
Clinical features:
-Reticular variant: fine white lace like striae
-Erosive variant: atrophic oedematous mucosa with ulcerations
Associated with increased risk of malignant disease
What are the benign neoplasms of the salivary gland
Pleomorphic adenoma
Basal cell adenoma
Canalicular adenoma
Warthin’s tumour
What are pleomorphic adenomas
Benign neoplasms composed of ductal epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells within a mesenchymal stroma
Asymptomatic slow growing mass
What is carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
Carcinoma arising in association with pleomorphic adenoma
Risk of carcinoma development is dependent on length of history of pleomorphic adenoma
What are the malignant neoplasms of the salivary gland
Adenoid cystic carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Mucoepidermoid carcinoma Acinic cell carcinoma Polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
What is an adenoid cystic carcinoma
Basaloid tumour consisting of epithelial and myoepithelial cells
