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Skin and Body Membranes > Skin and Body Membranes > Flashcards

Skin and Body Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of body membranes

A

▪ Cover body surfaces
▪ Line body cavities
▪ Form protective sheets around organs
▪Classified according to tissue types

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2
Q

What are the Epithelial membranes ?

A

▪ Cutaneous membranes
▪ Mucous membranes
▪ Serous membranes

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3
Q

What is the connective tissue membranes

A

▪Synovial membranes

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4
Q

Epithelial membranes are simple organs
▪Also called covering and lining membranes
▪These membranes contain:

A

-Epithelial tissue layer
- Connective tissue layer

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5
Q

What is cutaneous membrane = skin

A

▪ Dry membrane
▪ Outermost protective boundary
▪ Construction
▪ Epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
▪ Dermis is mostly dense (fibrous) connective tissue

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6
Q

What is mucous membranes (mucosae)

A

▪ Moist membranes
▪ Line all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface
▪ Adapted for absorption or secretion
▪ Construction
▪ Epithelium type depends on site
▪ Loose connective tissue (lamina propria)

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7
Q

What is serous membranes (serosae)

A

▪ Line open body cavities that are closed to the exterior
of the body

▪ Occur in pairs, separated by serous fluid, with a visceral and parietal layer

Construction
▪ Simple squamous epithelium
▪ Areolar connective tissue

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8
Q

Specific serous membranes are the following

A

▪ Peritoneum
-Abdominal cavity
▪ Pleura
-Around the lungs
▪ Pericardium
- Around the heart

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9
Q

What is synovial membranes?

A

▪Loose areolar connective tissue only (no epithelial
tissue)
▪ Line fibrous capsules surrounding joints

-Line bursae
-Line tendon sheaths

▪ Secrete a lubricating fluid to cushion organs moving
against each other during muscle activity

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10
Q

Integumentary system consists of the:

A

▪ Skin (cutaneous membrane)
▪ Skin appendages
-Sweat glands
- Oil glands
-Hair
-Nails

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11
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

A

▪Insulates and cushion deeper body organs
▪Protects the entire body from:
-Mechanical damage (bumps and cuts)
-Chemical damage (acids and bases)
-Thermal damage (heat or cold)
-Ultraviolet (UV) radiation (sunlight)
- Microbes (bacteria)
-Desiccation (drying out)
-Aids in loss or retention of body heat as controlled by the nervous system
-Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid -Synthesizes vitamin D

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12
Q

Two kinds of tissue compose the skin

A

▪ Epidermis
▪ Dermis

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13
Q

What is Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

A

▪ Anchors the skin to underlying organs
▪ Not technically part of the integumentary system
▪ Composed mostly of adipose tissue
▪ Serves as a shock absorber and insulates deeper tissues

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14
Q

What is structure of epidermis—outer layer?

A

▪ Capable of being hard and tough
▪ Stratified squamous epithelium
▪ Keratinocytes (the most common cell) produce a
fibrous protein called keratin
▪ Avascular
▪ Composed of five layers (strata)

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15
Q

Summary of layers of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial

A

▪ Stratum basale
▪ Stratum spinosum
▪ Stratum granulosum
▪ Stratum lucidum (thick, hairless skin only)
▪ Stratum corneum

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16
Q

What is stratum basale (stratum germinativum)

A

▪ Deepest layer of epidermis
▪ Lies next to dermis
▪ Wavy borderline with the dermis anchors the two
together
▪ Cells undergoing mitosis
▪ Daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers

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17
Q

What is Stratum spinosum

A

▪ Cells become increasingly flatter and more keratinized

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18
Q

What is Stratum lucidum?

A

▪ Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata
▪ Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands and soles of feet

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19
Q

What is Stratum corneum?

A

▪ Outermost layer of epidermis
▪ Shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (protective protein prevents water loss from skin)

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20
Q

▪ is a pigment produced by melanocytes
▪ Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale of the epidermis
▪ Color is yellow to brown to black
▪ accumulates in membrane-bound granules
called melanosomes
▪ Amount produced depends upon genetics
and exposure to sunlight

A

Melanin

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21
Q

What is the function of Epidermal dendritic cells

A

▪ Alert and activate immune cells to a threat (bacterial or
viral invasion)

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22
Q

What is Merkel cells

A

▪ Associated with sensory nerve endings
▪ Serve as touch receptors called Merkel discs

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23
Q

What is Dermis

A

▪ Connective tissue
▪ Underlies the epidermis

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24
Q

Two layers of the dermis

A

▪ Papillary layer

▪ Reticular layer

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25
Q

What is Papillary Layer?

A

▪ Papillary layer (upper dermal region) contain
projections called dermal papillae
▪ Indent the epidermis above
▪ Many projections contain capillary loops, and others house pain and touch receptors
▪ On palm and sole surfaces, papillae increase friction and gripping ability
▪ Fingerprints are identifying films of sweat

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26
Q

What can be found in Reticular layer (deepest skin layer)?

A

▪ Blood vessels
▪ Sweat and oil glands
▪ Deep pressure receptors (lamellar corpuscles)

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27
Q

What are Other dermal features

A

▪ Cutaneous sensory receptors
▪ Phagocytes
▪ Collagen and elastic fibers
▪ Blood vessels

28
Q

What are the three pigments contribute to skin color

A
  1. Melanin
    ▪ Yellow, reddish brown, or black pigments
  2. Carotene
    ▪ Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables
  3. Hemoglobin
    ▪ Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries
    ▪ Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring
29
Q

Skin Colors and their reasons

A

▪Redness (erythema)—due to embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy
▪Pallor (blanching)—due to emotional stress (such as fear), anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area
▪Jaundice (yellow cast)—indicates a liver disorder
▪Bruises (black and blue marks)—hematomas

30
Q

▪Cutaneous glands are all exocrine glands, this includes:

A

▪ Sebaceous glands
▪Sweat glands

▪ Hair
▪Hair follicles
▪ Nails

31
Q

Where and what is the function of Sebaceous (oil) glands?

A

▪ Located all over the skin except for palms and soles
▪ Produce sebum (oil)
▪ Makes skin soft and moist
▪ Prevents hair from becoming brittle ▪ Kills bacteria
▪ Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface
▪ Glands are activated at puberty

32
Q

What is Sweat (sudoriferous) glands

A

▪Produce sweat
▪ Widely distributed in skin

33
Q

What are the ▪Two types of sudoriferous glands

A
  1. Eccrineglands
  2. Apocrineglands
34
Q

What is the function of Eccrine glands

A

▪ Open via duct to sweat pores on the skin’s surface
▪ Produce acidic sweat
▪ Water, salts, vitamin C, traces of metabolic waste
▪ Function in body temperature regulation

35
Q

What is Apocrine glands?

A

▪ Ducts empty into hair follicles in the armpit and
genitals
▪ Begin to function at puberty
▪ Release sweat that also contains fatty acids and proteins (milky or yellowish color)
▪ Play a minimal role in body temperature regulation

36
Q

▪ Produced by hair follicle
▪ Root is enclosed in the follicle
▪ Shaft projects from the surface of the scalp or skin
▪ Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells
▪ Melanocytes provide pigment for it’s color
▪ It grows in the matrix of the hair bulb in stratum basale

A

Hair

37
Q

What composed hair anatomy ?

A

▪Central medulla
▪ Cortex surrounds medulla
▪ Cuticle on outside of cortex
-Most heavily keratinized region of the hair

38
Q

What are the Associated hair structures ?

A

▪ Hair follicle
▪ Composed of an epithelial root sheath and fibrous sheath
▪ Dermal region provides a blood supply to the hair bulb (deepest part of the follicle)
▪ Arrector pili muscle connects to the hair follicle to pull hairs upright when we are cold or frightened

39
Q

▪ Heavily keratinized, scalelike modifications of the
epidermis
▪ Stratum basale extends beneath the bed, which is responsible for growth
▪ Lack of pigment makes it colorless

A

Nails

40
Q

What are the Parts of a nail?

A

▪ Free edge
▪ Body is the visible attached portion
▪ Nail folds are skin folds that overlap the edges of the
nail; the cuticle is the proximal edge
▪ Root of nail is embedded in skin
▪ Growth of the nail occurs from nail matrix

41
Q

What are the Infections and allergies

A

▪ Athlete’s foot
▪ Boils (furuncles) and carbuncles
▪ Cold sores (fever blisters)
▪ Contact dermatitis
▪ Impetigo
▪ Psoriasis

42
Q

What cause Athlete’s foot? and what is the symptom?

A

▪ Caused by fungal infection (Tinea pedis)
▪ Itchy, red peeling skin between the toes

43
Q

What causes Boils (furuncles) and carbuncles and what is the symptom?

A

▪ Caused by inflammation of hair follicles
▪ Carbuncles are clusters of boils caused by bacteria

44
Q

What causes Cold sores (fever blisters)? what is the symptom?

A

▪ Caused by human herpesvirus
▪ Blisters itch and sting

45
Q

What causes Contact dermatitis and what is the symptom?

A

▪ Caused by exposure to chemicals that provoke allergic responses
▪ Itching, redness, and swelling of the skin

46
Q

What causes Impetigo? what is the symptom?

A

▪ Caused by bacterial infection
▪ Pink, fluid-filled raised lesions around mouth/nose

47
Q

What causes Psoriasis? and what is the symptom?

A

▪ Triggered by trauma, infection, hormonal changes, or stress
▪ Red, epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales
that itch, burn, crack, or sometimes bleed

48
Q

What are Burns?

A

▪ Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat,
electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals
▪Associated dangers
▪ Protein denaturation and cell death
▪ Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
▪ Circulatory shock
▪ Result in loss of body fluids and infection from the invasion of bacteria

49
Q

▪ Body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation
▪ Each area represents about 9 percent of total body
surface area
▪ The area surrounding the genitals (the perineum) represents 1 percent of body surface area

A

▪ Body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation
▪ Each area represents about 9 percent of total body
surface area
▪ The area surrounding the genitals (the perineum) represents 1 percent of body surface area

50
Q

What is First-degree burn (superficial burn) ?

A

▪ Only epidermis is damaged
▪ Skin is red and swollen

51
Q

What is Second-degree burn (partial-thickness burn)

A

▪ Epidermis and superficial part of dermis are damaged
▪ Skin is red, painful, and blistered
▪ Regrowth of the epithelium can occur

52
Q

What is Third-degree burn (full-thickness burn)?

A

▪ Destroys epidermis and dermis; burned area is
painless
▪ Requires skin grafts, as regeneration is not possible
▪ Burned area is blanched (gray-white) or black

53
Q

What is Fourth-degree burn (full-thickness burn)?

A

▪ Extends into deeper tissues (bone, muscle, tendons)
▪ Appears dry and leathery
▪ Requires surgery and grafting
▪ May require amputation

54
Q

What are the Criteria for deeming burns critical (if any one is met):

A

▪ Over 30 percent of body has second-degree burns
▪ Over 10 percent of the body has third- or fourth-degree burns
▪ Third- or fourth-degree burns of the face, hands, or feet, or genitals
▪ Burns affect the airways
▪ Circumferential (around the body or limb) burns have
occurred

55
Q

What is Skin cancer?

A

▪ Most common form of cancer in humans
▪ Most important risk factor is overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in sunlight and tanning beds

56
Q

Cancer can be classified two ways what are these?

A
  1. Benign means the neoplasm (tumor) has not spread
  2. Malignant means the neoplasm has invaded other body areas
57
Q

What are the Most common types of skin cancer?

A

▪Basal cell carcinoma
▪ Squamous cell carcinoma
▪ Malignant melanoma

58
Q

▪ Least malignant and most common type of skin cancer
▪ Arises from cells in stratum basale that are altered so that they can no longer make keratin
▪Lesions appear as shiny, dome-shaped nodules that develop a central ulcer

A

Basal cell carcinoma

59
Q

▪ A type of skin cancer, Believed to be induced by UV exposure
▪ Arises from cells of stratum spinosum
▪ Lesions appear as scaly, reddened papules that
gradually form shallow ulcers
▪ Early removal allows a good chance of cure
▪ Metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

60
Q

▪ Most deadly of skin cancers, but accounts for only 5
percent of skin cancers
▪ Arises from melanocytes
▪ Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels

▪ Detection uses ABCDE rule for recognizing melanoma

A

Malignant melanoma

61
Q

The ABCDE role

A

▪ A = Asymmetry
Two sides of pigmented mole do not match
▪ B = Border irregularity
Borders of mole are not smooth
▪C = Color
Different colors in pigmented area
▪ D = Diameter
Spot is larger than 6 mm in diameter
▪ E = Evolution
One or more of the ABCD characteristics is evolving

62
Q

What is Lanugo?

A

a downy hair, covers the body by the fifth or sixth month of fetal development but disappears by birth

63
Q

What is Vernix caseosa?

A

an oily covering, is apparent at birth

64
Q

What is Milia ?

A

small white spots, are common at birth and disappear by the third week

65
Q

Acne

A

may appear during adolescence

Skin and Body Membranes (1 decks)

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