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Intersystem > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of skin?

A
  • protection - light, chemical, thermal, mechanical, water, infection
    • sensation - touch, pressure, temperature, pain
    • thermoregulation - hair, sweat, blood flow, shivering, subcutaneous adipose tissue
    • metabolism - vitamin D, adipose tissue (energy storage)
    • immunologic - immune cells help to deal with invasion
    • sexual attractant - appearance - in animals release hormones
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2
Q

What type of epithelium is in the epidermis?

A

keratinising stratified squamous

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3
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A

basal layer, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum

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4
Q

What are the features of the basal layer of the epidermis?

A

cuboidal low columnar cells on the basement membrane - this is where replication occurs

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5
Q

What are the features of the stratum spinosum?

A

diamond shaped cells with intercellular bridges

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6
Q

What are the features of the stratum granulosum?

A

purple granules in the cells - involved in the process of keratinisation

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7
Q

What are the features of the stratum corneum?

A

cells have lost their nuclei and are full of keratin

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8
Q

What are epidermal rete ridges?

A

the down pouches of the epithelium

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9
Q

What are the dermal papillae?

A

the parts of the dermis between the epidermal rete ridges

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10
Q

What type of cell junctions are in the stratum spinosum?

A

desmosomes

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11
Q

What are tonofibrils?

A

keratin intermediate filaments - in the stratum spinosum

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12
Q

What other types of cells are present in the epidermis?

A

melanocytes, langerhans cells, merkel cells

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13
Q

How many melanocytes are there?

A

1 per 8-10 epithelial cells

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14
Q

What is the role of melanin?

A

to protect the nucleus of the epithelial cells from UV exposure

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15
Q

What is the role of langerhans cells?

A

antigen recognition and antigen presenting

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16
Q

What do sebaceous glands look like?

A

foamy cytoplasm because of lipid rich secretion

17
Q

What is the embryological origin of adnexal structures?

A

epidermis

18
Q

What are the two layers of cells in sweat glands?

A

superficial layer is cuboidal secretory cells and deep layer is myoepithelial cells

19
Q

What are the two vascular plexuses in the skin?

A

the papillary plexus in the superficial dermis and the cutaneous plexus between the dermis and hypodermis

20
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

the papillary dermis superficially and the reticular dermis deep - the reticular dermis has more coarse collagen bundles

21
Q

What is different about the skin on the scalp?

A

the hair follicles are from deeper down

22
Q

What is different about the skin on the palms and soles?

A

the keratin layer in the epidermis is thicker and there are no hair follicles

23
Q

Where does the root of a nail attach?

A

to the periosteum of the distal phalynx

24
Q

What are the stages of healing of the skin?

A

in the first 24 hours there is vasoconstriction and a blood clot forms and neutrophils infiltrate. Over 3-7 days granulation tissue is formed, bringing in macrophages, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts and there is angiogenesis. Over weeks a mature scar forms and the collagen changes from type 3 to type 1

25
Q

What cytokines released by macrophages contribute to the chemotaxis and proliferation of fibroblasts and keratinocytes?

A

PDGF, TGFbeta, IL-1, TNF, KGF-7

26
Q

What cytokines released by macrophages contribute to angiogenesis?

A

VEG-F, FGF-2, PDGF

27
Q

What cytokines released by macrophages contribute to deposition and remodelling of the ECM?

A

TGF beta, PDGF, TNF, OPN, IL-1, collegenase, MMPs

28
Q

What are the different types of burns?

A

superficial (epidermis only), partial thickness (epidermis and part of dermis) and full thickness (epidermis, dermis and parts of subcutaneous tissue)

29
Q

What factors affect healing of burns?

A

burn depth, surface area, location

30
Q

What local factors affect healing in general?

A 
– Blood supply
– Infection
– Foreign material
– Excessive blood clot
– Movement
– Tissue in which the injury has occurred
– Size of wound
– Previous radiotherapy
31
Q

What systemic factors affect healing in general?

A

– Nutrition: deficiency of vitamin C, certain amino acids, zinc
– Old age: deterioration in immune system
– Diabetes - increased susceptibility to infection, narrowing of blood vessels
– Imunosuppressant drugs e.g. corticosteroid therapy, chemotherapy

32
Q

What are cleavage lines?

A

the orientation of the collagen in the dermis - if incisions are made parallel to cleavage lines then healing will be quicker

Intersystem (14 decks)

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