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Phase 3a - Geriatrics > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What are pressure sores?

A

Pressure sores, also known as pressure ulcers or bedsores, are areas of skin and underlying tissue damage caused by prolonged pressure, shear, or friction, typically over bony prominences.

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2
Q

Pressure sores are also known as ________ or bedsores.

A

Pressure ulcers

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3
Q

What are common sites for pressure sores?

A

Common sites include the sacrum, heels, hips, elbows, ankles, shoulders, back of the head, and ears.

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4
Q

Common sites for pressure sores include the sacrum, heels, and ________.

A

Hips

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5
Q

What are the primary risk factors for developing pressure sores?

A

Risk factors include immobility, poor nutritional status, advanced age, incontinence, reduced sensation, and comorbid conditions such as diabetes or vascular disease.

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6
Q

Immobility, poor nutritional status, and ________ are key risk factors for pressure sores.

A

Incontinence

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7
Q

What are the four main stages of pressure sore classification?

A

Stage 1: Non-blanchable erythema of intact skin.
Stage 2: Partial-thickness skin loss involving the epidermis and/or dermis.
Stage 3: Full-thickness skin loss involving damage to or necrosis of subcutaneous tissue.
Stage 4: Full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon, or muscle.

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8
Q

Stage 1 pressure sores present as ________ erythema of intact skin.

A

Non-blanchable

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9
Q

Stage 4 pressure sores involve full-thickness tissue loss with exposed ________, tendon, or muscle.

A

Bone

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10
Q

What are unstageable pressure sores?

A

Unstageable pressure sores are wounds covered by slough or eschar, making it impossible to determine the depth or extent of tissue damage.

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11
Q

What are deep tissue injuries in the context of pressure sores?

A

Deep tissue injuries are areas of intact or non-intact skin with persistent non-blanchable deep red, maroon, or purple discoloration due to underlying tissue damage.

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12
Q

Deep tissue injuries often present as persistent non-blanchable deep ________ discoloration.

A

Red, maroon, or purple

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13
Q

What are the key components of preventing pressure sores?

A

Key components include regular repositioning, use of pressure-relieving devices (e.g., specialized mattresses), maintaining good nutrition, managing incontinence, and conducting regular skin assessments.

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14
Q

Regular repositioning and ________ devices are critical in preventing pressure sores.

A

Pressure-relieving

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15
Q

How often should patients at risk of pressure sores be repositioned?

A

Patients should be repositioned at least every 2 hours to relieve pressure on vulnerable areas.

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16
Q

Patients at risk of pressure sores should be repositioned every ________ hours.

A

Two

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17
Q

What is the role of nutrition in preventing and managing pressure sores?

A

Adequate nutrition, including sufficient protein, vitamins, and hydration, supports skin integrity and wound healing.

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18
Q

Adequate ________ intake is crucial for skin integrity and wound healing in pressure sore management.

A

Protein

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19
Q

What types of dressings are commonly used for pressure sore management?

A

Dressings include hydrocolloid, foam, alginate, and hydrogel dressings, depending on the wound stage and exudate level.

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20
Q

Foam, hydrocolloid, and ________ dressings are commonly used for pressure sores.

A

Alginate

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21
Q

What are the key principles of wound care in pressure sores?

A

Key principles include keeping the wound clean, managing exudate, debriding necrotic tissue, and protecting the surrounding skin.

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22
Q

Wound care for pressure sores involves debriding necrotic tissue and managing ________.

A

Exudate

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23
Q

What are complications associated with pressure sores?

A

Complications include infections (cellulitis, osteomyelitis, sepsis), chronic pain, reduced quality of life, and delayed wound healing.

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24
Q

Infections such as ________ and sepsis are potential complications of pressure sores.

A

Osteomyelitis

25
Q

What is the role of antibiotics in managing pressure sores?

A

Antibiotics are only indicated for clinically infected pressure sores and not for colonization without signs of infection.

26
Q

Antibiotics should only be used for pressure sores with clinical signs of ________.

A

Infection

27
Q

What factors can delay the healing of pressure sores?

A

Delayed healing can result from poor nutrition, infection, underlying comorbidities, inadequate wound care, and continued pressure.

28
Q

Continued ________ and poor nutrition are factors that can delay pressure sore healing.

A

Pressure

29
Q

How are pressure sores staged?

A

Pressure sores are staged based on the depth of tissue damage: Stage 1 (non-blanchable erythema), Stage 2 (partial-thickness skin loss), Stage 3 (full-thickness skin loss), and Stage 4 (full-thickness tissue loss with exposed structures).

30
Q

Stage 2 pressure sores involve ________-thickness skin loss.

A

Partial

31
Q

What is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)?

A

SCC is a malignant tumor arising from keratinizing squamous cells in the epidermis. It is the second most common type of skin cancer and can metastasize if untreated.

32
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma arises from ________ cells in the epidermis.

A

Keratinizing squamous

33
Q

What are the main risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Ultraviolet (UV) exposure: Chronic or intense sun exposure.
Immunosuppression: Post-transplant or HIV.
Chronic inflammation: Burns, scars, or non-healing ulcers.
Actinic keratosis: Precancerous lesions.
Human papillomavirus (HPV): Particularly on mucosal surfaces.
Tobacco use.

34
Q

Chronic ________ exposure is a significant risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma.

A

Ultraviolet (UV)

35
Q

What are the clinical features of squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Firm, scaly, or crusted nodules.
May appear as non-healing ulcers or erythematous plaques.
Commonly located on sun-exposed areas (e.g., face, scalp, hands).
May bleed or become tender.

36
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma often presents as firm, ________, or crusted nodules.

A

Scaly

37
Q

What areas of the body are most commonly affected by SCC?

A

Sun-exposed areas such as the face, scalp, neck, ears, lips, forearms, and hands.

38
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma is most common on ________-exposed areas of the skin.

A

Sun

39
Q

How is squamous cell carcinoma diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis is made via skin biopsy, which confirms the presence of malignant squamous cells.

40
Q

The diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma is confirmed by a ________.

A

Skin biopsy

41
Q

What is the histological appearance of SCC?

A

Malignant squamous cells invading the dermis.
Keratin pearls (concentric layers of keratin).
Atypical cells with abnormal mitoses.

42
Q

Keratin ________ are a histological hallmark of squamous cell carcinoma.

A

Pearls

43
Q

What is actinic keratosis, and why is it significant in SCC?

A

Actinic keratosis is a precancerous lesion caused by chronic sun exposure. It can progress to squamous cell carcinoma if untreated.

44
Q

Actinic keratosis is a ________ lesion that may progress to squamous cell carcinoma.

A

Precancerous

45
Q

What is the primary treatment for SCC?

A

Surgical excision with clear margins is the main treatment. Other options include Mohs micrographic surgery, cryotherapy, and radiotherapy.

46
Q

The primary treatment for squamous cell carcinoma is ________ excision with clear margins.

A

Surgical

47
Q

What is Mohs micrographic surgery?

A

A surgical technique where the tumor is removed layer by layer, with each layer examined under a microscope until clear margins are achieved.

48
Q

________ micrographic surgery is a technique used to achieve clear margins in SCC removal.

A

Mohs

49
Q

When is radiotherapy indicated for SCC?

A

Radiotherapy is used for non-resectable tumors, in high-risk cases, or for palliation in advanced disease.

50
Q

Radiotherapy for SCC is often used in ________ cases or for palliation.

A

Non-resectable

51
Q

What factors increase the risk of SCC metastasis?

A

Large tumor size (>2 cm).
Depth of invasion (>4 mm).
Location on the lips, ears, or mucosal surfaces.
Poorly differentiated histology.
Immunosuppression.

52
Q

Large tumor size and ________ differentiation increase the risk of SCC metastasis.

A

Poor

53
Q

What is the prognosis for patients with SCC?

A

Prognosis is generally good with early diagnosis and treatment. Advanced or metastatic cases have a poorer prognosis.

54
Q

Early diagnosis and treatment of SCC lead to a ________ prognosis.

A

Good

55
Q

How can SCC be prevented?

A

Regular use of sunscreen (SPF ≥30).
Avoidance of excessive sun exposure.
Protective clothing and hats.
Routine skin checks, especially for high-risk individuals.

56
Q

Routine use of ________ (SPF ≥30) is essential for SCC prevention.

A

Sunscreen

57
Q

What is the role of follow-up in SCC management?

A

Follow-up is essential to monitor for recurrence or new primary skin cancers, typically every 3-6 months for the first 2 years.

58
Q

SCC follow-up is typically scheduled every ________ months for the first 2 years.

A

36956

Phase 3a - Geriatrics (7 decks)

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