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Histology Exam 2 > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Skin

A

Largest organ of body, ~ 15-20% of body mass

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2
Q

4 main functions of the skin

A
  1. protection
  2. sensation
  3. thermoregulation
  4. metabolic functions
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3
Q

3 main layers of skin

A
  1. epidermis
  2. dermis
  3. hypodermins = subcutis
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4
Q

epidermis

A

Consists of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium

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5
Q

ketatinocytes

A

Cells of epidermis

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6
Q

thick skin

A

thick, highly keratinized layer
•Restricted to volar (soles) & palmar (palms) surfaces
•lacks hair (glabrous)
•Most of body covered in “thin skin”, with thin keratinized epidermis

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7
Q

what does the epidermis lack?

A

blood vessels. Do not penetrate BM

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8
Q

Epidermis role

A

supplied & nourished by blood vessels in underlying (subjacent) dermis

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9
Q

Dermis composition

A

Composed of dense, irregular, collagenous connective tissue (Type I collagen), interspersed with elastic fibers

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10
Q

what is the progressive damage to elastic fibers?

A
  • dermis

- “aging”, loss of skin tone

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11
Q

Layers of the dermis

A
  1. superficial papillary later

2. reticular layer

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12
Q

Papillary layer

A

-relatively thin
-interdigitates with epidermis
•Corrugations ↑surface area for attachment, prevent shear & mechanical abrasion

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13
Q

Epidermal ridges (rete ridges)

A

epidermal projections into dermis

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14
Q

Dermal ridges (dermal paillae)

A
  • dermal projections into epidermis

- finerprints

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15
Q

dermatoglyphs

A

fingerprints, unique to individual

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16
Q

dermatoglyphics

A

form basis of study

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17
Q

reticular layer of dermis

A
  • thicker and less cell than papillary layer

- Contains hair follicles, sweat & sebaceous glands

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18
Q

subcutis

A

Interdigitates with underlying hypodermis

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19
Q

Langer’s lines

A
  • Thick collagen bundles & elastin fibers in reticular layer form lines of tension
  • skin incisions parallel to this for less scarring
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20
Q

hypodermis

A
  • Located below dermis

- layer of loose, irregular connective tissue & adipose tissue

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21
Q

panniculus adiposus

A

= superifical fascia= subcutis

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22
Q

what are the 3 vascular plexi

A
  1. subcutaneous
  2. subpapillary plexus
  3. cutaneous plexus
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23
Q

Subpapillary plexu

A

located at junction of papillary & reticular layers

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24
Q

Cutaneous plexus

A

located at junction of reticular layer & hypodermis

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25
Q

Subcutaneous plexus

A

-located deep within hypodermis; largest of three

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26
Q

what plexus is used in thermoregulation?

A

subcutaneous plexus; in fingertips & ears, associated with AV shunts containing glomus bodies

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27
Q

Subcutaneous plexus, contains glomus bodies for thermoregulation. What are glomus bodies?

A
  • Thickened regions of smooth Mm in arterioles, surrounded by connective tissue capsule
    Bypass capillary bed, re-route blood from arterial to venous circulation-
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28
Q

Growth of epidermis

A
  • Skin continuously grown & replaced

* Takes ~25-50 days for cells to travel from deep to superficial

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29
Q

psoriasis

A

keratinocyte maturation only takes ~1 wk => Absence of a granular layer and abnormal keratohyaline & tonofibrils

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30
Q

Stratum basale

A

=stratum germinativum

- basal layer

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31
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

How mitotic layer of cuboidal germinal cells bound to basement membrane

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32
Q

what do hemidesmosomes attach to?

A

Attach to underlying dermis via anchoring filaments& microfibrils

33
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

“prickle cell layer”—cells look spiny; thickest layer of epidermis in thin skin

34
Q

what cells does the stratum spinosum have a lot of?

A

Polyhedral cells with prominent intercellular bridges (desmosomes), numerous cytoplasmic processes & lateral folding of cell membrane

35
Q

what is the predominant cell product in desmosomes

A

Predominant cell product, cytokeratin, forms tonofilaments, aggregate into larger tonofibrils, anchor onto desmosomes

36
Q

Stratum granulosum

A
  • granular cell layer

- characterized by kertohylaine graules

37
Q

keratohyaline granules

A

non-membrane bound, electron dense granules

38
Q

keratinization of cells

A

interaction between keratohyaline granules & tonofibrils

39
Q

how is kertainization initiated?

A

by release of lysosomal enzymes => rupture of keratohyaline granules & polymerization of their contents

40
Q

kertain

A

Forms a matrix for tonofibrils of cytokeratin => amorphous mass of mature kertin

41
Q

release of lysosomes is known as what?

A

death of the cell

41
Q

release of lysosomes is known as what?

A

death of the cell

42
Q

what happens when keratinocytes mature?

A

die and lose nuclei

43
Q

keratinsomes

A

Cells of granular layer contain membrane-bound, lamellar structures

44
Q

what does kertinosomes contain?

A

contain glycolipids, provide waterproofing coat for skin cells

45
Q

stratum lucidum

A
  • present on in thick skin

- Homogenous, compact layer of enucleate cells between stratum granulosum & stratum corneum

46
Q

Stratum corneum

A
  • cornified layer
  • most superficial layer
  • thickest layer of epidermis in thick skin
47
Q

squames

A
  • in stratum corenum

- Contains flattened, enucleate, dead cell remnants

48
Q

what do squames composed?

A

Composed 1’ of soft keratin—acts as hydrophobic barrier, prevents desiccation

49
Q

desquamation

A

Continuously exfoliated

50
Q

In females, what is routinely examined?

A

Pap smear, to detect cervical cancer

51
Q

What are the common skin tumors?

A
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Basal cell carcinoma
  • Melanoma
52
Q

what two skin tumors are derived from epithelia cells?

A
  1. squamous cell carcinoma

2. basal cell carcinoma

53
Q

what is melanoma dervied from?

A

melanocytes

54
Q

what do all aggressive cancers have a tendency to undergo?

A

metatstasize

55
Q

first intention healing

A

from a clean (surgical), approximated incision

56
Q

incision

A

immediately fills with blood & clots

57
Q

in first intention healing, what happens within 3-24 hrs?

A

neutrophils infiltrate clot (acute phase)

58
Q

what occurs within 24-48 hrs in first intention healing?

A

Epithelial cells of stratum basale begin mitosis => epithelial closure (reapproximation)

59
Q

what occurs in day 3-7 in would repair?

A

neutrophils begin to be replaced by M(transition from acute to subacute phase)

60
Q

In production of granulation tissue, what are the 3 processes

A
  1. neovascularization,

2. fibroplasia 3.re-epithelialization

60
Q

In production of granulation tissue, what are the 3 processes

A
  1. neovascularization,

2. fibroplasia 3.re-epithelialization

61
Q

fibroplasia

A

(fibroblasts elaborate collagen

62
Q

re-epithelialization

A

epithelial proliferation) => production of granulation tissue

63
Q

what occurs in week 2 of wound repair

A

continued fibroplasia & collagen accumulation => mature granulation tissue
•Progressive ↓in inflammation
•Presence of inflammatory cells & inflammatory cell products => itching while healing

64
Q

what occurs in month 2 of wound repair?

A

connective tissue scar, without inflammation, covered by intact epithelium
•With Vit C deficiency, collagen breaks down; old scars can re-open & bleed

65
Q

Keloid

A

excess fibroplasia => raised, thickened

66
Q

Second intention healing

A
  • occurs with more extensive loss of tissue

- where wound edges do not approximate

67
Q

what happens following an intial flot formation in second intention healing?

A

epithelial cells of stratum basale migrate from edges of wound at ~ 0.5 mm/day

68
Q

In hair skin, what happens to the migration of cells in second intention healing?

A

migration of cells from external root sheath of hair follicles augments re-epithelialization

69
Q

overall significance of second intention healing?

A

Simultaneous proliferation/ maturation of keratinocytes behind migrating front slowly restores multilayered, stratified epidermis

70
Q

hwo long does keratinization occur in second intention healing?

A

Takes ~ 25 days for cells to mature from stratum basale to stratum corneum

71
Q

Keratinazation of new cells will undergo what?

A

desquamation & lifting of scab from periphery after ~ 3 wks

•Followed by wound contraction due to myofibroblasts

72
Q

when is grafting generally necessary?

A

In full thickness abrasion, or third degree burns, re-epithelialization limited by size of wound

73
Q

what are the burn classifications according to severity?

A

1st degree
2nd degree
3rd degree

74
Q

1st degree burn

A

involves only epidermis

75
Q

2nd degree burn

A

involves both epidermis & dermis

76
Q

3rd degree burns

A

ivolves all three layers, epidermis, dermis & hypodermis

Histology Exam 2 (2 decks)

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