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mnsr sem 2 > skin > Flashcards

skin Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 main functions of the skin?

A

protection : unbroken line of defense against invading pathogens, skin pigmentation protects skin from UV damage , protect against physical trauma,

metabolism of citiman D

sensation : skin if the origi of sensory and nervouse structures

thermoregulation : hair in mamamls helps with insulstion

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2
Q

two things is the skin continuous with?

A

digestive tract and urogenital system

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3
Q

two layers of the skin?

A

outter epidermis ad inner dermis

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4
Q

hypodermis

A

found below the dermis and consists of loose connective areolar tissue and adipose tissue

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5
Q

he epidermis is ___________ and ___________

A

cellular and avascular

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6
Q

what does the epidermis and epidermis arise from

A

dermis arises from embyonic mesoderm

epidermis arrises from embyonic ectoderm

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7
Q

what does the Epidermis give rise to?

A

sweat glands, mammory glands, sabaccus glands

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8
Q

the epidermis is really a….?

which undergoes…

A

stratisfied squamish epithilium with unergoes the process of karinization to produce karatine structures ie: hair, nails, finger prints

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9
Q

________ covered in oily secreation from ____ called ______

A

stratium cornea

sabaccus glands

sebum

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10
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis

A

stratum corneum

stratum Lucidum

stratum Granulosum

stratum spinosum

stratum Basel (germinativum

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11
Q

color of human skin is due to what 3 factors

A
  1. yllow colour derived from carotene in subcutanious fat
  2. concentration and oxydation of heamoglobin in dermis capillaries
  3. melenocytes : special branched cells scattered throughout the stratum basale; wich produce melinin
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12
Q

where does hair grow from?

A

the hair bulb lying in the dermal layer of the skin

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13
Q

During early fetal life, what does the epidermis do?

what are these cells

A

During early fetal life the epidermis grows down into the dermis to form a cellular shaft;

cells of the hair shaft are dead keratinised epidermal cells except at the base where the growing germinal matrix exists;

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14
Q

what produces hair growth

A

proliferation of cells in the germinal matrix produces hair growth

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15
Q

what holds the hair shaft in position?

A

internal and external root sheath

IRS and ERS

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16
Q

the ___________ gland is derived from the ________ , secretes sebum into the follicle;

A

sabbacus gland

derived from the external root sheath

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17
Q

function of arrector pilus?

A

elevtaes hair position

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18
Q

where are sweat glands found?

A

dermis

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19
Q

what are mammary glands?

how do they develope

A

highly modified derivatives of sweat glands

develop by thickening of the epidermis along what are called the “milk lines” in the abdominal wall;

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20
Q

what is the dermis formed of/ contain

A

collagen and elastic fibers, fibroblasts, mast cells and macrophages

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21
Q

what does the dermis support?

A

upports the sweat and sebaceous glands and hair follicles, which grow down from the epidermis

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22
Q

function of hypodermis?

A

provides thermal insulation, an energy store and further mechanical protection

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23
Q

main function of the dermis?

A

protect and support body

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24
Q

what is input into the nervosue system provided by

A

sensory receptors;

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25
Q

5 categories of sensory receptors?

A
  1. mechanoreceptors : detect movment
  2. thermoreceptors : detect chnages in Temp
  3. nociceptors : detects pain - these are free nerve endings
  4. photoreceptors: rods and cones of the retina
  5. chemoreceptors : responsible for sense of tatse and smell
26
Q

what types of mechanoreceptors are

A

free nerve endings,

tactile hair cells and

ENCAPSULATED END-ORGANS

27
Q

naked nerve endings

function ?

A

ends of dendrites of sensory neurons in tissues

detect pain, temperature, and light touch

28
Q

what do encapsulated receptors consist of?

A

consist of nerve endings surrounded by one or more layers of cells

29
Q

Pancinian corpuscles

A

detect strong or rapid movment, deep pressure, and vibrations

Consist of a non-myelinated nerve ending surrounded by numerous concentric cell layers of connective tissue

found in the subdermal skin layer, abdominal mesenteries, external genitelia, tendons, ligaments, and joints

pressure is transmitted to naked nerve endings through opening of NA + ion channels causing depolerization of the nerve fiber

30
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

A

smaller then pancinian

is a encapsulated sensory receptor

found in dermal papilla of finger tips, lips, hands

responsable for detecting light touch at an exact point

31
Q

structure of Meissner’s corpuscles

A

Oval receptors that contain two or three spiraling dendritic ends surrounded by a thin cellular capsule

32
Q

Ruffini’s end organs

A

encapsulated nerve endings

located in dermis and deaper organs ie tendons

are slowley adaping mechanoreceptors responsive to detecting distortion and deformation

In joint capsules they indicate the degree of rotation

33
Q

Merkel cells

A

in skin epidermis near SB

found mostly in smooth skin

concerned with light touch sensation

34
Q

proprioreceptors

A

sense of position, no adaptation

continually respond to tension and movement in striated muscles and in tendons

ex muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs

35
Q

muscle spindels

A

detects muscle length and monitor muscle tone

consists of 3 to 10 muscle fibers surrounded by sensory nerve endings enclosed in a connective tissue sheath

emit sensory nerve impulses

stretching the muscle increases the rate of firing

36
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

detect muscle tension

lies within the muscle tendon immediately beyond its attachment to the muscle fibres

Composed of connective tissue fibers surrounded by dendrites and encased in a capsule

37
Q

two major chemoreceptors

A

those involved in taste and those involved in smell

taste is sensed by small organs the taste buds of the tongue located on lingual pailla

smelled is tensed by olfactory epithelium is a patch of receptor cells in the roof of the nasal cavity that detects odors

38
Q

olfactory process

A
  1. chem interacts with receptor mlc sequence of events occur involving G protein and Adenylyl cyclase which increases cycilic aAMP

cycylic amp opens gated channels in receptor membrane opening an channels allows ions to enter

  1. cyclic amp activates protein kinase A which phosphorlates and closes K channels

leading to depolerization of the neron and creation of action potential

39
Q

what are the 6 main advantages of using transdermal delivery?

A
  1. self adminestrative
  2. non invasive
  3. decreases fist pass drug degregation ( metabolism)
  4. reduces drug side effects
  5. drug resivour remains outside body and can be romoved
  6. sustained administartion
40
Q

what are the three types of olfactory cells?

A

olfactory receptor cells

sustentacular cells

basal epithelial cells

41
Q

transdermal delivery

A

administartion of drugs through the skin into blood circulation

42
Q

3 disadvantages of transdermal delivery?

A
  1. possible allergic response
  2. virability of dosing due to different levels of skin hydration, thickness of stratum corneum and variation between patients
  3. poor diffusion of large mlc whith large molecular weight
43
Q

how thick is the stratum corneum

A

10 - 20 um

responsible for the barrier properties in the skin

44
Q

where is blood vessels and nerves located in the skin

A

dermis

45
Q

structure of stratum corneum

A

Vertically-stacked, corneocytes surrounded by a lipid-rich matrix

46
Q

what is the lipid-rich matrix in the stratum corneum?

A

serves the primary barrier function of the stratum corneum

47
Q

Transdermal transport of solutes is largely controlled by

A

stratum corneum lipid bilayers

48
Q

two types of transdermal patches?

A

Reservoir type- more complex

has drugs in solution and dilivery is contolled by controlling membrane

Matrix type- combines drug and adheive

no rate contolling membrane

skin permeability controls rate of drug delivery

49
Q

imitations of transdermal patches?

A
  1. must be lipid and water solubile
  2. must have low molecular weight

3 Must have small required dose (<50mg per day)

50
Q

two approaches to TDD penetration enhancement?

A

physical and chemical

51
Q

chemical approach using chemical additives?

A

used as penetration enhancers

combined with the drug in transdermal patches

52
Q

3 types of chemical penetration enhancers?

what do they do

A
  1. surfacent
  2. fatty acids
  3. solvent

Enhancing drug solubility

Fluidizing structure of stratum corneum

Dissolution of stratum corneum lipids

potent irritants to the skin

53
Q

physical approaches to penetration enhancement provide?

A

delivery of protein-based and DNA-based therapeutic macromolecules

54
Q

types of physical approaches to TDD?

A

ionphoresis

electoporation

sonoporation

microneedles

55
Q

what is iontophoresis?

A

application of an electric field to move both charged and uncharged species across the skin

Low voltage electric current applied to a few square centimetres of skin

used for delivery of anti-inflammatory, local anesthetic, can also draw mlc out of skin

56
Q

effects of ionphoresis on skin

A

Increased skin permeability upon exposure to an electric field

Enhanced transport across skin by 2 different mechanisms (charged molecules / uncharged molecules)

57
Q

Electro osmotic driving force

A

a mechanism transport across the skin is enhanced by

charged mlc ( cations) flux from cathode to anode producing a Cations flux induces solvent flow

Uncharged molecules are dragged by electrically induced solvent flow

58
Q

electrophoresise hances transport across skin

driving force: charged molecules move away from electrode of like charge

A
59
Q

electroporation?

A

formation of aqueous pores in lipid bilayers by the application of a short, high voltage electric pulse

Electric field induces pore formation by disrupting lipid bilayers and provides electrophoretic driving force

allows dilivery of large macro mlcs ie proteins, vaccines, DNA

60
Q

sonophoresis

A

application of ultrasonic wave to Form microscopic aqueous channels in the lipid bilayers of the intercellular space of the stratum corneum

mnsr sem 2 (4 decks)

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