Skills, Goal Setting & Feedback Flashcards
Skill
a learned action or behavior that is performed to achieve a predetermined outcome with the least amount of time and energy
* An effectively mastered skill will consistently result in a successful outcome with minimal effort
Ability
Innate traits that determine performance
* An innate ability is determined by an individual’s DNA, meaning that it is stable throughout life and is not influenced by learning
* Ability can determine the ease with which an individual can acquire new skills
The basic/complex skills continuum
- This continuum is about the difficulty level of the skill itself
- This may be determined by the movements involved, or by the decision making processes required to carry out the skill effectively in a real-life situation
The open/closed skills continuum
- This is about the extent to which the surrounding environment affects the success of the skill
- It is sometimes referred to as the environmental continuum
Open skills are affected by the environment, meaning that the way a skill is carried out may need to be adjusted to take environmental factors into account
Closed skills are not affected by the environment, meaning that a skill carried out in a particular way will meet with the same level of success every time
The self-paced/externally paced skills continuum
This is about the decision making involved with:
When to initiate a skill
The pace at which a skill is carried out
The timing and pace of a self-paced skill is determined entirely by the performer
The timing and pace of an externally-paced skill is affected by external factors, such as the receipt of a pass from a teammate or opponent
The gross/fine skills continuum
This is about the size of movement and the precision required for a skill to be carried out successfully
A gross skill does not require precision and involves large groups of muscles in the body
A fine skill requires a high level of precision and uses small muscle groups
Types of Goals
* why they are important
* performance goals?
* outcome goals?
Goals are important for the purposes of:
* Motivation
* Progress tracking
Performance goals
A goal relating to individual performance without comparison to others
Involves:
* Improving on a prior performance
* Perfecting a particular technique
Outcome goals
A goal relating to an end result that involves comparison with others
Involves:
* Winning a match or tournament
* Being selected for a team
* Scoring a certain number of points
Disadvantage of Outcome goals
- Many performers choose to avoid outcome goals; this is because hitting an outcome goal is often overly dependent on the actions of others and therefore outside the control of an individual
- The types of goals that performers set are often dependent on the level at which they are taking part in a sport
SMART Targets
- Specific- Targets state exactly what needs to be achieved
- Measurable-It needs to be clear when a target has been achieved
- Accepted -The target is agreed between all of the individuals involved in training
- Realistic -The target should be achievable for the individual performer in their specific circumstances
- Time- bound -The target will be met within a given time period
Basic Information Processing Model
- Any decision made by a performer will be based on the specifics of their situation
- The decision-making described here is known as information processing; it involves gathering information about a situation, and then making an appropriate decision
Input- A performer takes in information from their surroundings using their senses
Decisions- making -A performer uses information from long and short term memory to select an appropriate response
Output -Information is sent to a performer’s muscles, telling them to contract to bring about a particular action
Feedback -Information about the success, or otherwise, of the output is gathered
Visual Guidance
Visual guidance
This involves a performer being shown how to carry out a particular skill so that they can see what it looks like, e.g.
* A live demonstration
* A video
* especially important for beginners learning new skills, who may struggle to follow spoken instruction
Verbal of Guidance
Verbal guidance
Verbal guidance is spoken guidance, and involves a performer being told how to perform a skill
* Elite performers will have learned complex terminology relating to particular skills
* Elite performers will know what skills should look like so they use it more
Manual of Guidance
Manual guidance
This involves a coach physically moving or supporting a performer’s body to show how to perform a skill correctly, or to aid the performance
* more during beginner development, allowing beginners to carry out skills which they might otherwise be unable to complete
Mechanical Guidance
Mechanical guidance
Mechanical guidance plays a very similar role to manual guidance, but it involves the use of supportive equipment rather than physical support from a coach
* This type of guidance provides additional support and safety, allowing beginners to learn new skills without worrying about harm
Positive/negative feedback
Positive feedback involves praise; a performer is told when they are doing something right; this is essential because:
* It means that a performer knows to repeat an action in the same way
* It can be highly motivating
Negative feedback involves telling a performer that they have done something incorrectly; this type of feedback should involve:
* Telling a performer exactly what is incorrect about an action
* Discussion of how to correct the action for the future
Knowledge of results/knowledge of performance feedback
- definition
- impacts
- examples
Knowledge of results (KR) feedback involves knowing the outcome of a performance; this is likely to be a statistic that forms part of a final result, e.g.
* The score at the end of a tennis match
* Beginners may be demotivated by results
* Elite athletes may use KR feedback in goal setting and assessment of progress
Knowledge of performance (KP) feedback relates to individual performance regardless of any final result, e.g.
* The timing of a backhand stroke in tennis
* Can be too complex for beginners to understand
* Can provide detailed knowledge that allows elite performers to work towards improved results
Extrinsic/intrinsic feedback
Extrinsic feedback comes from others, e.g. a coach, teammates
* more valuable to beginners as they may not have enough knowledge or experience to determine the quality of their own performance
Intrinsic feedback is a performer’s own impressions of their performance, e.g. how the muscles feel during a movement
* Elite performers have enough experience to interpret intrinsic feedback so they are able to make use of both extrinsic and intrinsic feedback
