Skills, Continuums And Transfers Flashcards
What is an open skill?
A skill that is in a changing environment
Perpeptual
Externally paced
E.g. ruby pass
What is a closed skill?
A skill in an unchanging environment
Habitual
Internally paced
E.g. Tennis serve
What is a gross skill?
A skill that requires large muscle groups
Doesn’t require precision
E.g. weight lifting
What is a fine skill?
A sill that requires a small group of muscles
Intricate
Requires precision and accuracy
E.g. Spinning cricket ball
What is an externally paced skill?
A skill that requires environmental factors
Determines whe the performer starts
E.g. catching
What is a self-paced skill?
A skill where the performer determines when to start
E.g. Golf swing
What is a complex skill?
A skill that requires decision making
Perpetual
E.g. Passing in foootball
What is a simple skill?
A skill that requires minimum decision making
Habitual
E.g. High jump
What is a high organisation skill?
A skill that is difficult to break down into sub-routines
Often flowing when performed
E.g. sprinting
What is a low organisation skill?
A skill that is easy to break down into sub-routines
E.g. Cricket bowling
What is a discrete skill?
A skill with a clear beginning and end
E.g. Free shot
What is a continuous skill?
A skill with an unclear beginning and end
E.g. Cycling
What is a serial skill?
A skill with a number of discrete skills joined together
E.g. triple jump
What is part practise?
Skills that are broken down easily into sub-routines then they are practised separately
What is an advantage of part practise?
More detailed understanding, focused learning, limits information overload
What are disadvantages of part practise?
Time consuming, can be boring, limits development of the entire practise
What is whole practise?
Practise that is not broken down into subroutines, the skill is learned in its complete form, movements are attempted holistically
What are disadvantages of whole practise?
Unsuitable for complex skills, can be too fast, difficult for those with low stages of learning/cognitive ability
What are advantages of whole practise?
Good for high organisation skills, saves time, encourages fluency, creates a mental picture
What is whole-part-whole practise?
The skill is practised in its entirety, the into sub-routines practised separately, then the skill is practised completely again
What are advantages of whole-part-whole practise?
Good for low organisation, serial, and complex skills, open and closed skills, allows focus on sub-routines, the entire skill can be practised early
What are disadvantages of whole-part-whole practise?
Unsuitable for high organisation skills, can be difficult for those with low motivation and ability, requires lots of information to process, can be de-motivating to return to sub-routines
What is progressive part practise?
When parts/subroutines of a skill can be practised separately, then combined gradually in to larger parts until the whole skill is achieved
What are advantages of progressive part practise?
Good for low organisation, serial, and complex skills, quicker, gives chance for recap
What are disadvantages of progressive part practise?
Unsuitable for high organisation skills, limited awareness of the whole skill, can be de-motivating, takes time
What is transfer?
The influence of one skill onto another
What is massed practise?
Continuous practise of simple skills without breaks
Advantages of massed practise?
Ideal for discrete skills, good for the autonomous stage and the experienced/older, helps to over learn the skill
Disadvantages of massed practise?
Can be exhausting, could cause drive reduction, can lead to chronic injuries
What is distributed practise?
Practise is interrupted with breaks or discussion and recovery
Advantages of distributed practise?
Ideal for high energy, continuous skills, good for complex/danger skills, time for rest, mental rehearsal and reinforcement
Disadvantages of distributed practises?
Can cause disjointed practise, can be hard to regain intensity, demotivating if breaks are frequent
What is fixed practise?
Continuous practise of a specific skill
Advantages of fixed practise?
Ideal for closed skills, good for the cognitive phase, can perfect the skill, developed motor programmes and competition is replicated
Disadvantages of fixed practise?
Not suitable fir open skills, may become boring, does not prepare for game situations, can cause drive reductions, can lead to chronic injuries
What is varied practise?
Practising skills in different situations
Advantages of varied practise?
Ideal for open skills, good for the autonomous stage of learning, stimulates interest and motivation
Disadvantages of varied practise?
Basic skills must first be learned in a foxed practise, too many stimuli may cause overload, not effective in helping to over-learn skills
What is negative transfer?
When one skill hinders another, looks similar yet counter intuitive
What is an example of negative transfer?
Golf drive —> cricket drive
Basketball shot —> Netball shot
What is positive transfer?
One skill helps the advancement of another
What is an example of positive transfer?
Tennis serve —> Volleyball serve
Cricket throw —> javelin
What is retroactive transfer?
A newly learnt skill has an impact on a previously learnt skills (positive or negative)
What is proactive transfer?
A previously learnt skill has an impact on a newly learnt skill (positive or negative)
What is bilateral transfer?
Being able to do and learn the skill with both sides of the body (positive or negative)
What is an example of bilateral transfer?
Football dribble
Tennis (back/forehand)
What is an example of bilateral transfer?
Football dribble
Tennis (back/forehand)
What is zero-transfer?
No transfer onto a skill
What is an example of zero-transfer?
Hockey hit —> front crawl
What optimises positive transfer?
- Make practises game-related and realistic
- Explain or point out similarities between skills
- Teach similar skills together
- Use positive reinforcement and praise
- Build the subroutines of a skill progressively, give clear demonstrations
- Teach fundamentals first
What is the cognitive stage of learning?
- First stage
- Lots of trail and error therefore lots of mistakes made
- Movement is jerky, uncoordinated and inconsistent
- Lack of fluency and needs extrinsic input as there is a lack of kinesthesis
What is the associative stage of learning?
- Second stage
- Reduction in mistakes and trial and error
- Movement becomes more fluent and consistent
- Performer is developing kinesthesis
- Tends to be the longest stage of learning
What is the autonomous stage of learning?
- Third/last stage of learning
- Movement is fluent, accurate and habitual
- Little to no conscious though about the movement
- Attention can be given to tactics and adaptations
