Skill Aquisition Flashcards
what is a complex skill?
a skill where you have to make lots of decisions
what do you call a skill where you have to make lots of decisions?
a complex skill
what is a simple skill?
skill without needing lots of decisions
what do you call a skill that requires minimal decisions?
a simple skill
whats an example of a simple skill?
a sprint start in swimming
an example of a complex skill?
a pass by a midefield player in hockey
what are open skills?
skills that are affected by the environment.
have to adapt
an example of an open skill?
a pass by a midfielder in hockey
what are closed skills?
skills that are not affected by the environment
an example of a closed skill?
a free throw in basketball
what type of skill is not affected by the environment?
a closed skill
what type of skill is affected by the environment?
an open skill
what kind of scale is the open-closed one?
a continuum
what is a self-paced skill?
the athlete chooses the rate at which they execute the skill
what type of skill usually is a self-paced skill?
A closed one
what is an example of a self-paced skill?
a javelin throw
what is an externally paced skill?
the environment, may or may not include opponent, controls the rate at which the skill is executed
what kind skill is an externally paced skill usually?
open skill
example of externally paced skill?
receiving a badminton serve
what is a gross skill?
a skill that involves large muscle movements
what is a fine skill?
a skill that requires more intricate movements using smaller muscle groups
what kind of scale is gross-fine scale?
a continuum
what kind of skill is a discrete skill?
a clear beginning, middle and end
what is a continuous skill?
no obvious beginning or end. skill is repeated as a set pattern
example of a continuous skill?
cycling
example of a discrete skill?
penalty kick in football
what is a serial skill?
several discrete skills altogether
example of a serial skill?
triple jump
what is a highly organised skill?
a skill that is hard to break up
example of a highly organised skill?
dribbling in basketball
what is a low organised skill?
a skill that can easily be split and identified into sections
example of a low organisation skill?
tennis serve
what is a skill with subroutnes which are hard to separate ad identify?
high organisation
what is proactive transfer?
the influence of one skill on a skill that is yet to be performed
what is retroactive transfer?
the influence of one skill on the learning or performance of a skill previosly learned
(e.g a double twist making rudy hard)
what is positive transfer?
when the learning one skill helps the learning and performance of another
bilateral transfer?
the transfer of learning from one limb to another (e.g mirroring)
What is whole practice?
Repeating the whole series of actions.
Gymnastics skills are usually done as a whole - round off bhs full
What is part practise?
When skills are split up
e.g doing drills
What kind of organisation would use part practise?
Low organisation as it is easy to split it into sub routines
What is whole-part-whole practise?
Doing the whole skill
Split it up
Doing the whole skill
What is progressive-part practice?
Learning several subroutines to form the whole movement.
Then piecing it together
What is massed practice?
When you have no intervals
What is distributed practice?
When rest breaks are given to allow for recuperation
What is varied practice?
Using lots of different methods to achieve a learning goal
What is Fixed practice?
Involves a stable and predictable environment where conditions remain fixed.
Usually for closed skills.
What is intrinsic feed back?
Feedback from the athlete them selves.
Through kinaesthetic sense.
What is extrinsic feedback?
Feedback from results
The outcome and how well the performance went
Coaches and video playback
What is positive feedback?
Rewards or praise
What is negative feedback?
Form of Criticism
What is the first stage of learning?
Cognitive
What is the second stage of learning?
Associative
What is the last stage on learning?
Autonomous
What is verbal guidance?
Verbal feedback given by coach or teacher
What is Visual guidance?
Images or demonstrations
Highlighted key points
Gives a mental image
What is manual or mechanical guidance?
Physical support by another person
Or mechanical support
E.G a twisting belt in trampolining
What is the operant conditioning theory of learning?
A cognitive theory
- emphasises the mental processes
-also being told what told to do
What are intervening variables?
Mental processes between the stimulus and the response
What is insight learning?
Problem solving involving memory of previous experiences
What is the law of exercise?
That repeating the SR connections is more likely to strengthen them
What is the law of effect?
Pleasant outcomes are likely to motivate the player and increase SR bond
Law of readiness?
The performer must be able mentally and physically to complete the test effectively
What is the social/ observational learning theory?
When we see someone doing something we are motivated to do it to.
