skill aquisition Flashcards
what is a motor skill
an activity that involves voluntary muscular movement with the correct degree of muscular control, to complete a reasonably complex task
what is a subroutine
components/parts of a skill
what is a skilled movement
occurs when all the subroutines of a skill are performed in the correct sequence with the correct timing
what is a motor program
a set of instructions held in memory that is sent to muscles and results in movement
fine and gross motor skills
- fine motor skills involve greater precision in the control of small muscles
- gross motor skills involve movements of large parts of the body or the whole body
types of motor skills
- Discrete: skills that have a distinct beginning and end point
- Continuous : skills that are repetitive and don’t have a clear beginning and end point
- serial : a combination of both
open and closed skills
open skills are performed in an unpredictable environment and are externally paced
closed skills are performed in a predictable environment where the timing of the movements is controlled
cognitive, associative and autonomous learners :
cognitive : understanding. the beginner learner. they make a large number of errors and require a high attentional demand.
associative : practice stage. the athlete becomes more familiar with the skill and can refine the accuracy and consistency.
autonomous : automatic stage. requires little to no conscious thought. effortless movements and timing.
factors affecting skill acquisition :
- age & maturity
- gender
- genetics
- motivation
- quality of coaching
massed and distributed practice
massed practice entails practicing a skill consistently and continuously without breaks until the skill has been learned
distributed practice consists of short, frequent practice sessions interspersed with intervals
whole and part practice
whole practice involves learning a skill in its entirety.
part practice is learning the skill broken down into subroutines.
progressive - part method is a combination of both
fixed and variable practice
fixed practice is when the movement skill is practiced over and over and the environment doesn’t change
variable practice is used best for open skills and involves practicing in various situations. develops schema
what is schema
schema are rules which an athlete learns in order to execute skills in different environments and situations
information processing model
input > decision making > output > feedback
receiving information
cues : any piece of information received from the environment is a cue
noise : irrelevant information
selective attention : a performers ability to block out any irrelevant information and attend to the relevant cues
senses
vision - allows the performer to follow moving projectiles, the ability to judge the distance and direction of an object
equilibrium (balance) : the internal sense that tells you that your body is in balance and under control
proprioception (touch) : gives awareness of muscular movements as well as joints and tendons
hearing : important for listening to cues
what is signal detection and what are the factors that influence it
the determination of wether a cue is present or not
-size
-distance
-colour
-light
-speed
-time the object is in view
-pitch and loudness
-any interfering noise
-duration
what is orienting
directing attention to the correct part of the environment for information
what is reaction time, movement time and response time ?
reaction time is the amount of time between a stimulus and the first movement initiated in response to it
movement time begins when the body has started reacting and finishes when the movement is finished
response time is combined reaction and movement time
what is simple and choice reaction time
simple reaction time is when there is only one stimulus to react to
choice reaction time is when there is more than one stimulus and the athlete has to choose the correct one to respond to
factors influencing reaction time
- number of stimulus response alternatives
-age
-gender
-intensity of stimulus
-the probability of a stimulus occurring
-the presence or absence of warning of signals
-signal detection
-previous experience
-selective attention
-the psychological refractory period
-stimulus response compatibility
-mental fatigue
memory encoding, storage and recall
encoding : meaning from sensory input
storage : where info is stored and the capacity
recall : accessing information when needed
short term sensory storage
- 1sec
- infinite capacity
- info from all senses
- relevant info > short term
short term memory
- 60 seconds
- 5-9 pieces of info
- can be improved by chunking
factors that affect short term memory
relevance and meaningfulness
interference
chunking or coding
rehearsal or practice
overloading
long term memory ?
long term memory is the permanent storage area of encoded information
muscle memory refers to the ability to perform a skill without any conscious effort
what is schema ?
schema are rules which we learn to execute different skills in differing environments
What is feedback ?
feedback is all information an athlete receives about the result or process of an activity either during or after performance
main roles of feedback?
motivate
reinforcement
regulate or change the performance during the activity
inform and improve future performance
sources of feedback
internal - comes from sensory information
external (augmented) - provided to the learner from an outside source
nature of feedback
- Knowledge of results: provides information about the outcome of a performance
- Knowledge of performance: indicates technical correctness or quality of movement
timing of feedback
- continuous: when feedback is provided from many sources DURING the skill
- terminal: the feedback that is provided AFTER a skill has been performed
what is biomechanics
the science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on a body or an object
anatomical positions
flexion - movement at a joint resulting in the decrease in an angle between two bones
extension - movement at a joint resulting in an increase in an angle between two bones
abduction - movement away from the midline of the body
adduction - movement towards the midline of the body
anterior - refers to the front of the participant
posterior - refers to the back of the participant
what is kinematics
the area of biomechanics that studies the description of motion
4 types of motion
Linear- straight line
Angular- around and axis
General- combination
Projectile- a body that moves through the air
factors affecting projectile motion
-velocity of release
-angle of release 45• optimal
-height of release
-shape
-air resistance
-spin
velocity
measures the rate of positional change of an object
V= d/t
what is kinetics
the influences of movement on a body
-mass = the amt of matter that makes up an object
-momentum = mass x velocity
-force = the pushing or pulling effect on a body
newtons 3 laws?
1- a body continues in its state of rest or motion unless acted upon by a force
2- the rate of change of acceleration to a body is proportional to the force applied
f= ma
3- for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
what are levers
bones with the joints acting as axis. generate speed and force
balance
the body’s equilibrium
-base of support
-centre of gravity
-stability
what are the steps in biomechanical analysis
-naked eye analysis
-video/computer analysis
-determine the objective of the skill
-divide the skill into subroutines
-identifying movements patterns involved
-identify starter mechanics
-detecting errors
