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Skill Aquisition Flashcards

1
Q

What is a skill

A

A skill is inherited

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2
Q

What is an ability

A

It’s inherited

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3
Q

Self paced

A

The performer dictates the start and speed of he movement

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4
Q

Concurrent feedback

A

Feedback given during performance

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5
Q

Terminal feedback

A

Feedback given after performance

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6
Q

How feedback benefits a performer

A 
Improves knowledge of skill
Improves kinaesthetic awareness 
Positive feedback can reinforce the correct response
Can help remove errors
Increase motivation
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7
Q

Characteristics of a cognitive learner

A

Require conscious thought
Have inconsistent performances
Makes lots of gross errors
Requires lots of feedback

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8
Q

Autonomous performers characteristics

A 
Don’t require conscious thought 
Consistent performances
Make few errors 
Able to self evaluate 
Good selective attention 
Fully developed kinaesthetic awareness
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9
Q

Hicks law

A
  • As the number of possible responses increases so does response time
  • until 10 responses where there’s no change in response time
  • if the player is hitting an expected shot, there are less possible responses and response time will be quicker
  • if the shot is unexpected, then there are more possible responses and response time increases
  • if it is a simple skill with few decisions, response time is quicker
  • if it’s a complex skill then response time is slower
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10
Q

Motor programmes

A

Motor programmes are skills stored as subroutines in the LTM

  • they are stored as sequences to produce a movement
  • they allow less information to be recalled
  • this speeds up decision making
  • prevents info overload
  • means performers have a faster reaction time
  • can be adapted to produce a new skill
  • this is schema
  • stores less info making it easier to recall
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11
Q

Knowledge of results

A

Feedback on the outcome

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12
Q

Positive feedback

A

Praise about a skill or movement

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13
Q

Knowledge of performance

A

Feedback on the success of the motor programmes dispute result

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14
Q

Delayed feedback

A

Feedback given after performance

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15
Q

Operant conditioning negative reinforcement

A
  • involves giving critical comments about incorrect response
  • encourages performers to change behaviour
  • when correct response is given it is removed to encourage repetition
  • strengthens SR bond
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16
Q

Operant conditioning principles (intro)

A

Involves learning through trial and error
The coach changes the environment to allow the performer to fail and succeed this is shaping
It used positive/ negative reinforcement and punishment.

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17
Q

Operant conditioning positive reinforcement

A

Involves giving praise when correct response is given
Encourages repetition of the movement
Strengthens SR bond

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18
Q

Strategies to improve short term sensory store

A

Increase intensity of stimulus e.g. brighter ball

  • slow down stimulus to give performers time to react
  • slow it down to make it realistic
  • Direct the performer using key cues
  • practice with distractions
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19
Q

Psychological refractory period

A

Due to the single channel hypothesis only one stimulus can be processed at a time.
As the second stimuli arrives the first is being processed,
This means it has to wait
This is the psychological refractory period which slows down reaction and response time

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20
Q

Zero transfer

A

The learning of one skill has no impact on another skill

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21
Q

Negative transfer

A

The learning go if one skill hinders the learning of another

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22
Q

Positive transfer

A

The learning of one skill benefits the learning of another

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23
Q

GACEF

A 
Goal orientated 
Aesthetically pleasing 
Consistent 
Efficient 
Fluent
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24
Q

Continuous

A

The end of one cycle is the start of another (running)

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25
Q

Serial

A

Linked discrete skills

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26
Q

Novice performers

A

Have poor selective attention
They focus on irrelevant info like crowd noise
Which is passed onto the STM
this causes info overload
Causing the performer to lose concentration on relevant info

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27
Q

Gross

A

Large muscle groups

28
Q

Spatial anticipation

A

Predict what is going to happen

29
Q

Temporal anticipation

A

Predict when it will happen

30
Q

Benefits if anticipation

A

As the number of responses decreases so does response time

The psychological refractory period is removed

31
Q

Bi lateral transfer

A

Where a skill is transferred from one side of the body to another

32
Q

Pro active transfer

A

The learning of one skill impacts a skill in the future

33
Q

Open

A

The environment is unstable and changing

34
Q

How can a coach ensure positive transfer occurs

A

Ensure the elements can transfer
Make it realistic by using similar movements
Explain the two skills that can transfer
Use positive reinforcement like praise
Use planned progression

35
Q

Function of LTM

A

Stores motor programs
Sends motor programmes to STM
stores and receives relevant info
Supports DCR process

36
Q

LTM characteristics

A

Stores unlimited information for unlimited amount of time

37
Q

STM characteristics

A

Stores 7 (+/-2) for 30s

38
Q

Perceptual skill

A

Detecting a stimulus from the environment

39
Q

Function of STSS

A

Receives stimuli from the environment through sensory receptors
Selective attention:
Blocks out irrelevant info and passes on relevant to STM
The DCR process occurs

40
Q

Motor skill

A

Large muscle contractions

41
Q

Psycho motor skill

A

Decision making followed by large muscle contractions

42
Q

Externally paced

A

The environment dictates start and speed of movement

43
Q

Closed

A

The environment is stable and unchanging

44
Q

Retro active transfer

A

The learning of one skill has an impact on a previously learned skill

45
Q

Complex

A

Involves lots of decisions

46
Q

Low organisation

A

Can be broken down easily into sub routines

47
Q

High organisation

A

Can’t be broken down easily into subroutines

48
Q

Discrete

A

Has a clear start and end

49
Q

Simple skill

A

Involves few decisions

50
Q

Cognitive skill

A

Thinking skill which involves decision making

51
Q

Streamer goes to improve LTM

A

Make info relevant using key cues
Chunk and chain info
Practice frequently
Provide positive reinforcement like praise to improve SR bond

52
Q

DCR

A

Detect
Compare
React

53
Q

STSS characteristics

A

Unlimited information for one second

54
Q

STM characteristics

A

Receives information from STSS
receives motor programmes from LTM
initiates motor programmes and sends nerve impulses to the muscles
Decision making occurs

55
Q

Fatigue that leads to injury

A

Allow time for rest and recovery

56
Q

Learning plateau

A

A period of time with no change in performance

57
Q

Demotivation

A

Vary training to make it enjoyable

58
Q

Immediate feedback

A

Feedback given straight after performance

59
Q

Extrinsic feedback

A

Feedback from an external source

60
Q

Intrinsic feedback

A

From within performer in their proprioceptors

61
Q

Negative feedback

A

Critical comments on performance and how to improve 

62
Q

Fine

A

Small muscle groups used

63
Q

Whole practice

A

This is where a skill is not broken down into subroutines and is practiced as a whole
B-ballistic skills
A- autonomous performers( can cope with demands
S-simple (few decisions)
H-high organisation

64
Q

Benefits of whole practice

A

Helps performer develop kinaesthetic awareness and improve motor programmes
Increases likelihood of positive transfer
Time efficient

65
Q

Drawbacks of whole practice

A

Not suitable for cognitive learners as they cannot cope with the demands in terms of decision making
Not suitable with complex skills
If the performer is constantly failing it can cause Demotivation

Pe (3 decks)

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