skill acquisition Flashcards
define SUBROUTINE
in order to perform a reasonably complex motor skill successfully, one needs to be able to break down the skill into its components or parts.
define skilled movement
occurs when all of the subroutines of a skill are performed in the correct sequence and with the correct timing.
define the serial motor skill
a number of discrete skills performed in a movement sequence.
define open skill
performed in an unpredictable environment (in which the object or context is
changing) and they are externally paced.
define motor skill
an activity that involves voluntary muscular movement with the correct degree of muscular control, to complete a reasonably complex predetermined task.
define a motor program
a skill may be seen as a whole plan that specifies the timing and the sequence of the total movement.
define a gross motor skill
involve movements of large parts of the body or of the whole body, they also require less precision, for example, a somersault or kicking a soccer ball.
define a fine motor skill
involve greater precision in the control of small muscles such as writing, throwing a dart, hand movements in a gymnastics routine.
define a discrete motor skill
skills that have a distinct beginning and endpoint.
define a continuous motor skill
motor skills that bring together in a movement sequence and usually are repetitive and do not have a clear beginning and end.
define the cognitive stage of learning
identification and development of the component parts of the skill. You learn what is needed to perform the skill and the beginner invariably makes a large number of errors.
define a closed skill
performed in highly predictable environments where the performer has full control of the timing of the movements
DEFINE AUTONOMOUS STAGE OF LEARNING (AUTOMATIC REFERENCE)
developing the learned skill so that it becomes automatic - involves little or no conscious thought or attention whilst performing the skill - not all performers reach this stage. During the autonomous stage of skill learning, the skill becomes so much easier to perform, that it becomes automatic.
what is the associative stage of learning
the practice stage where the performer becomes familiar with the sequencing and timing of the movement. During this stage, the individual is beginning to get the feel of the movement and fewer errors are made.
Motor skills can be classified by three factors;
movement precision, type of movement and the environmental predictability
explain self (internally) paced
a performer controls the speed the skill is performed, timing and rate, for example, a high jump
explain externally paced
the performer does not control the rate and speed, involves the reaction of performer eg catching
outline a simple skill
small amounts of information processed, few decisions made, e.g. running or swimming
outline a complex task
large amounts of information processed, number of decisions to be made quickly, high number of subroutines that are coordinated
what are the three stages of learning
cognitive, associative and autonomic
characteristics of the cognitive stage of learning
makes many errors, devotes attention to step by step processes, performs slowly, different each time
what does the skill look like in the cognitive stage of learning
poor timing, unnecessary movement, rapid progression
key points for instructional support in the cognitive stage of learning
provide accurate demonstration, allow time for practice, don’t overload with information
key points for instruction in cognitive stage of learning
make points easy to understand, demonstrate the skill a few times, movement often appears a jerky and a large number of errors.
