Skill Acquisition

Question 1

gross - fine continuum

Answer 1

gross - involves large muscle movements
fine - involves intricate movements using little muscle groups

Question 2

open - closed continuum

Answer 2

open - movements effected by environment
closed - movements not affected by environment

Question 3

simple - complex continuum

Answer 3

simple - little information to process
complex - lots of information to process

Question 4

self paced - externally paced continuum

Answer 4

self - performer is in control and can determine when a movement starts or ends
external - control of movement is determined by environment

Question 5

high organisation - low organisation continuum

Answer 5

high - subroutines are closely linked together and difficult to separate
low - subroutines can be separated and practiced individually

Question 6

discrete - serial - continuous continuum

Answer 6

discrete - clear beginning and end
serial - Numerous discrete elements put together to make a definitive sequence
continuous - no clear beginning or end

Question 7

what is massed practice

Answer 7

practice is repetitive and continuous but no rest intervals

Question 8

pros and cons of masses practice

Answer 8

pros
- ideal for discrete skills
- good for simple or short duration skills
- helps to form SR bonds

cons
- can be too exhausting
- can cause mental fatigue
- could lead to chronic overuse injuries

Question 9

what is disturbed practice

Answer 9

practice in short bursts with regular rest intervals

Question 10

pros and cons of disturbed practice

Answer 10

pros
- idea for high energy continuous skills
- good for complex and dangerous skills
- good for cognitive stage of learning

cons
- long or frequent breaks can be demotivating to athlete
- can be hard to regain intensity of practice or concentration after break

Question 11

what is varied practice

Answer 11

changes regularly and takes place in different environments or situations

Question 12

pros and cons of varied practice

Answer 12

pros
- good for autonomous stage of learning
- good when skills already been learnt by fixed practice
- Ideal for open skills

cons
- can be confusing especially for those in cognitive stage of learning
- not effective in helping to overlearn skill

Question 13

what is fixed practice

Answer 13

stays the same and the environment does not change

Question 14

pros and cons of fixed practice

Answer 14

pros
- ideal for closed skills
- can help to perfect skill
- helps to overlearn skill

cons
- not suitable for open skills
- may become boring
- doesn’t prepare athletes for a game situation

Question 15

what is part practice

Answer 15

working on perfecting isolated subroutines and then put back together to perform skill as one

Question 16

pros and cons of part practice

Answer 16

pros
- safe
- suitable for beginners
- increases athletes confidence

cons
- takes longer than other methods
- transferring subroutines into one whole skill can be difficult
- learner can loose kinesthetic sense and flow of skill

Question 17

what is whole practice

Answer 17

the skills learnt in its full entirety and is not broken down into subroutines

Question 18

pros and cons of whole practise

Answer 18

pros
- helps the learners understand the movements
- can be quicker than other methods
- allows learner to feel flow of movement

cons
- danger and risk of injury to athlete
- too fast for some learners
- can be demotivating if athletes fail to perform skill

Question 19

what is progressive practice

Answer 19

subroutines of the skill are practised separately and then added one by one until athlete has complete the skill in its entirety - 1 / 1+2 / 1+2+3

Question 20

pros and cons of progressive practice

Answer 20

pros
- good for complex skills as it reduces information overload
- good for low organisation and serial skills
- helps athlete to perfect skill and feel flow of movement

cons
- it can be time consuming
- its not suitable for high organisation skills as its too complicated to separate individual subsets apart

Question 21

what is whole - part - whole practice

Answer 21

learner tries the skill as one for the first time to get a feeling for the moment, coach will then identify the weakest parts of the movement before individually practising that subset until it’s perfected, after that skills is put back together as a whole and tried again.

Question 22

pros and cons of whole - part - whole practice

Answer 22

pros
- allows athlete to focus on weak subroutines of the skill
- good for low organisation skills

cons
- it’s a lot of information for athlete to process so can cause an information overload and confuse athlete
- athlete may become demotivated if they can’t complete skill

Question 23

positive transfer

Answer 23

learning of one skill aids the learning of another skill
- proactive
- reactive

Question 24

negative transfer

Answer 24

learning one skill implements the learning and performance of another skill

Question 25

bi - lateral transfer

Answer 25

limbs on both side of the body can perform a skill with equal efficiency

Question 26

proactive transfer

Answer 26

When a previously learnt skill influences the learning and performance of new skills either positively or negatively

Question 27

retroactive transfer

Answer 27

When a new skill influences the performance of old skills positively or negatively

Question 28

theories of learning

Answer 28

- operant conditioning - cognitive learning theory - social learning theory

Question 29

operant conditioning

Answer 29

learning through reinforcement - shapes behaviour - strengthens SR bonds - when athlete developed a cue in response to a stimulus, when stimulus is detected performer will choose the correct response

Question 30

types of reinforcement

Answer 30

- positive - negative - punishment

Question 31

positive reinforcement

Answer 31

rewarding appropriate behaviour - every time we recieve positive reinforcement it strengthens SR bonds

Question 32

negative reinforcement

Answer 32

removal of adverse stimulus - forms a new SR bond - don't say anything critical once correct response has been performed

Question 33

punishment

Answer 33

breaking down SR bonds and introducing an adverse stimulus

Question 34

Thorndike's Laws

Answer 34

exercise - the more we repeat the practice the more we remember as we become more focused law of effect - if reinforcement is used we learn more - positive outcome makes you continue law of readiness - only successful is performer is physically and emotionally mature / strong enough

Question 35

cognitive learning theory

Answer 35

this theory encourages thinking and problem solving as opposed to trial and error in a more fixed environment

Question 36

variables in cognitive learning theory

Answer 36

insight learning - using problem solving and memory of past experiences to solve a new challenge intervening variables - mental processes involved in decision making process

Question 37

pros and cons of cognitive learning theory

Answer 37

pros - performer can become more independent in games - can adapt better in different situations - can make quick progress and develop kinesthesis cons - may not have past experiences to draw on - learning could be slower and athlete may lose motivation

Question 38

social learning theory

Answer 38

developed by bandura and he proposed 4 processes - attention - must pay attention to demonstrations - retention - must be able to remember demonstrations - motor reproduction - must physically and mentally be able to carry out demonstrated skill - motivation - must have the want to carry out skill

Question 39

what is vicarious reinforcement

Answer 39

other people do it so you copy the copy of model

Question 40

Successful modelling factors

Answer 40

- similar age / gender / sport - role model - models behaviour is praised - high standard demonstration - observer is motivated

Question 41

what are the 3 stages of learning

Answer 41

1. cognitive 2. associative 3. autonomous

Question 42

explain the cognitive stage of learning

Answer 42

demonstrations and verbal explanations are important as learner tries to form accurate mental picture of the skill

Question 43

explain the associative stage of learning

Answer 43

usually longer than the cognitive stage where learner begins to eliminate mistakes and errors become less frequent - motor skills are developed an subroutine become more coordinated

Question 44

explain the autonomous stage of learning

Answer 44

the learner is now able to execute the skill with minimal conscious thoughts so can focus on other factors and motor skill has now been established in the long term memory

Question 45

what is visual guidance

Answer 45

Coach showing Video, demonstration , wall chart

Question 46

pros and cons of visual guidance

Answer 46

pros - develops a strong metal image - good for cognitive stage learners - slow motion aids understanding - can see skill in different stages - can be used at all stages cons - demonstration could be wrong - demonstration may be performed too fast - images don't show how movement is produced

Question 47

what is verbal guidance

Answer 47

Coaches explaining a skill

Question 48

pros and cons of verbal guidance

Answer 48

pros - can be used at all stages - can be used alongside other methods - can be delivered to multiple people at once cons - may be hard to teach difficult skills - learners may become bored - coach must have required ski

Question 49

what is manual guidance

Answer 49

manipulating the learners body so its in correct position for skill

Question 50

pros and cons of manual guidance

Answer 50

pros - can be used alongside other methods - useful for beginners - provides kinesthetic understanding - reduce risk of injury - difficult to deliver to multiple learners cons - difficult to deliver to multiple learners

Question 51

what is mechanical guidance

Answer 51

involves using equipment to provide support to learner

Question 52

pros and cons of mechanical guidance

Answer 52

pros - useful for beginners that need physical assistance - reduces risk on injury - provides kinaesthetic understanding cons - specialised equipment required - learner becomes dependent on equipment

Question 53

what is intrinsic feedback

Answer 53

received from within the athlete based on kinaesthetic information

Question 54

pros and cons of intrinsic feedback

Answer 54

pros - improves feel of skill - can be used by elite athletes without coaches feedback cons - in experienced athletes may be unaware of how skills meant to feel

Question 55

what is extrinsic feedback

Answer 55

- received from outside of an athlete by using their sense - spectator reaction

Question 56

pros and cons of extrinsic feedback

Answer 56

pros - can be used during earlier stages of learning - can motivate player cons - doesn’t help create a kinaesthetic feeling - performer can become too reliant on external feedback - negative feedback can lead to lack of confidence

Question 57

what is positive feedback

Answer 57

any form of feedback that lets athlete know they are performing well

Question 58

pros and cons of positive feedback

Answer 58

pros - increases confidence and motivation - increases reinforcement of successful behaviour cons - if used excessively, performer may become over confident

Question 59

what is negative feedback

Answer 59

any form of feedback that lets athlete know they aren't performing well

Question 60

pros and cons of negative feedback

Answer 60

pros - can improve focus and motivation to complete goals for performer at autonomous stage of learning cons - it can have a negative impact on motivation and confidence for those at earlier stages of learning

Question 61

what is knowledge of performance

Answer 61

any feedback about how well a skill is being performed compared to optimal performance

Question 62

pros and cons of knowledge of performance

Answer 62

pros - can provide performance with additional and specific information to refine technique - explains why performance is successful which is particularly useful for those in cognitive stage of learning cons - it can overload the performer with information especially when in early stages of learning - can break up overall feel of the whole movement - success cannot be evaluated easily

Question 63

what is knowledge of results

Answer 63

any form of feedback which lets athlete know how successful their performance was in comparison to competitors or previous performance was

Question 64

pros and cons of knowledge of results

Answer 64

pros - Success can be easily evaluated - early success can improve task persistence cons - does not provide an explanation of why performance was good or bad - poor results can cause lack of motivation

Question 65

memory model

Answer 65

Developed by Attkinson and Shiffron and is a structural model, proposed 3 stores - sensory Register - short-Term Memory - song-Term Memory information passes through the stores in a linear way and is compared to a computer memory is important for information processing especially when we rely on previous experiences it's important when determining the motor programs chosen to send information to muscles

Question 66

short term sensory store

Answer 66

all stimulus entering remains in STSS for a very short duration 0.25-1 s, it has a very large capacity - it acts as a filter - perceptual mechanism determines which info is relevant and attention is focused towards this - irrelevant information is filtered out and leaves STSS and is quickly replaced with new information - selective attention - focuses on the important and ignores the irrelevant to help us react quickly

Question 67

short term memory

Answer 67

referred to as working place - incoming info is compared to LTM - limited capacity of 7+/- 2 - duration of 30s - number can be increased by chunking - uration can be extended by repeating / rehearsal - info considered important is passed to LTM - Encoding

Question 68

long term memory

Answer 68

holds information that's well learnt and practised - unlimited capacity - info is hold for a very long time motor programs are stored in the LTM as a result of practice LTM is the recognition part of the perceptual process when stored information is retrieved and compared to new information which is then recognised

Question 69

ways to improving efficiency of SSTS

Answer 69

experience - knows the cues to look for arousal - more alert you are the more likely you are to select relevant cues quality of instruction - beginners don't know which cues are relevant so coaches can direct attention to correct cues intensity of stimulus - the effectiveness of sense when detecting speed, sound ,size, shape colour

Question 70

explain Craik and Lockhart's Levels of processing model

Answer 70

explains how memory works and opposes the view that there are set memory stores shown by the MSM Seeks to explain what we do with the information rather than how it’s stored.