skill acquisition Flashcards
name all of the types of practice (8)
fixed
variable
massed
distributed
part
progressive part
whole
whole part whole
what is fixed practice + example/type of skill
the repetition of a skill in a constant unchanging environment
closed skills
gymnastics, diving
advantages of fixed practice
skill is over-learned/autonomous
little conscious thought
reproduced consistently
disadvantages of fixed practice
poor habits may be developed
increased fatigue
lack of variability/challenge can be boring
what is variable practice + example/type of skill
practicing the skill in different situations that replicate the conditions of the game
open skills
shooting practice in football
advantages of variable practice
able to apply the skill to other situations
extends schema
replicates the game
disadvantages of variable practice
difficult to stimulate the appropriate competitive situations
what is massed practice + example/type of skill
repeating the skill with no rest breaks
discrete, simple, fine
golf, darts
experienced players
advantages of massed practice
skills become over-learned/autonomous
develops motor programmes
disadvantages of massed practice
increased fatigue
boredom or injury
doesn’t always allow time for feedback
what is distributed practice + example/type of skill
practicing a skill with rest breaks
continuous, complex, gross
beginners
lack of fitness/motivation
advantages of distributed practice
avoid overload
maintain motivation, concentration
time to recover mentally, physically
disadvantages of distributed practice
time consuming
what is whole practice + example/type of skill
skill is practiced as one complete movement
high organisation
autonomous
golf swing, somersault
advantages of whole practice
fluent movement
developed kinaesthetic awareness
understand the timing of the skill
disadvantages of whole practice
lots of information to process (overload)
not suitable for beginners
what is part practice + example/type of skill
skill is broken down into sub-routines and practiced separately
low organisation
front crawl in swimming - arms and legs separately
advantages of part practice
good for beginners
avoid overload
refine technique
develop confidence
disadvantages of part practice
struggle to combine the parts so a less fluent movement
time consuming
what is progressive part practice + example/type of practice
part A and B are learned separately and then combined as AB then C is learned separately then combined as ABC
complex, serial
triple jump
hop skip jump
advantages of progressive part practice
good for beginners
provides success and motivation
reduced danger
disadvantages of progressive part practice
relies on the first part being correct
time consuming
what is whole part whole practice + example
whole skill is performed, a key weakness is identified during this and then practiced separately before redoing the whole skill
back stroke in swimming
advantages of whole part whole practice
can identify weaknesses
good for coaches with new groups
good kinaesthetic feel
disadvantages of whole part whole practice
time consuming
could be hard with larger groups because they might not know their weaknesses and everyone’s weakness will be different
muscular involvement - skill continuum
fine vs gross
fine:
little muscle groups used
e.g hand placement in gymnastics
gross:
large muscle groups used
e.g rubgy tackle
continuity - skill continuum
discrete vs serial vs continuous
discrete:
the skill has a clear beginning and end
e.g netball pass
serial:
multiple discrete skills combined
e.g triple jump
continuous:
no clear beginning and end
e.g cycling
pacing - skill continuum
self/internal vs external
internal:
performer is in control of the skill
e.g serve
external:
the performer isn’t in control of the skill
e.g batting in cricket
environmental influence - skill continuum
open vs closed
open:
the environment affects the skill
e.g pass in football
closed:
environment doesn’t affect the skill
e.g serve
difficulty - skill continuum
simple vs complex
simple:
no decision making required to complete the skill
e.g walking
complex:
lots of decision making required to complete the skill
e.g throughball
organisation - skill continuum
high vs low
high:
skill can’t be broken down easily into sub-routines
e.g somersault
low:
skill is easily broken down into sub-routines
e.g triple jump
