Skill Acq Year 1 Cards Flashcards
Give Guthrie’s definition of skill
The ability to bring about predetermined results, with maximum certainty and minimum outlay of time or energy
Give three continuums
- Gross-fine
- Open-closed
- Discrete-serial-continuous
Give an example of a closed skill
Taking a penalty shot in netball in the D
Define coordination
The ability to use different parts of your body together efficiently relative to the task and environment
How can coordination be measured? (check exam questions)
- Quantitively
2. Qualitively
Define degrees of freedom
The individual elements and components of a system and the number of ways each component can act
How many joints are in the body?
100
How many muscles are in the body?
10,000
How many cells are in the body?
10 (14)
What does it mean to have lots of degrees of freedom?
The body has more movements and components that what is needed for any specific task. As a result there is a redundant amount of degrees of freedom, in that many won’t be used
What does Bernstein say?
He says that the body has too many degrees of freedom and that this must be controlled because so many are just left redundant
Do cognitive learners or young people have few or lots of degrees of freedom?
The performer is stiff and rigid because they have only a few degrees of freedom rather than using lots of elements in the body for movement
What is freezing?
This is when the performer or coach limits their movements to concentrate on a particular element of a skill
Give an example of freezing and who would use it
A cognitive learner, young person would use freezing. It could be when learning to dive sitting at the edge of the pool and only practicing the head and arm movements without the lower part of their body.
What is freeing/unfreezing?
This is when the performer begins experimenting with more movements, and so freeing some movements. This means the movements aren’t as rigid
Give an example of freeing/unfreezing and who would use it
Freeing/unfreezing would be used by an associative learner
What is exploitation?
This is when an athlete uses the environment to their advantage. This occurs when athletes have fully learned the movement and what works best
Give an example of exploitation and who would use it
Exploitation would be used by an autonomous learner. An example is using the springboard in gymnastics for a somersault or hitting the sweet spot on a golf club in golf to get more power
What is an open loop skill
This is when a movement happens so quickly, you can’t change the skill you just have to carry it out
Give an example of an open loop skill
A smash in badminton
What is a closed loop skill?
This is when you have time to adjust a skill depending on the situation and feedback
Give an example of a closed loop skill
Dribbling in hockey you have time to take into account where the opposition is, where your players are etc
What is the top down approach?
This is when the brain is the only thing that controls and imposes movements
Give two problems with the top down approach?
- Who controls what the brain controls and commands- something must control the brain
- Storage issue- the brain and body can only remember a certain amount of things and it does not have the capacity to remember every single movement the body can carry out
What are the three stages of the movement control centre?
- Stimulus Identification- when you see, smell or feel what is happening- like seeing the ball coming towards you
- Response selection- when you decide what you are going to do with a stimulus- deciding whether you will catch a ball or get someone else to catch it
- Response programming- this is sending a signal to actually carry out the movement- sending impulses to get the muscle ready
Define reaction time
The time taken from the onset of stimulus to the onset of movement
Define movement time
The time taken from the beginning of movement to the end of movement
Define response time
The time taken from the onset of stimulus to the end of movement
Define simple reaction
When the athlete has only one response to the stimulus
Give an example of simple reaction time
Reacting to the gun going off at the beginning of a race
Define choice reaction time
This is when there are multiple different options and responses to a stimuli and so the athlete has to make a decision on what to do
Give an example of choice reaction time
Dribbling in hockey
What helps to decrease reaction time?
Anticipation
Define anticipation
Pre-empting what is going to happen because of past experiences
Give 4 factors affecting reaction time
- Alertness
- Attention
- Pre-performance routines
- Training
What does the bottom up approach look at?
This looks at the effects of things outside of the body and the effects they have on movement and the athlete
What are the 3 main constraints the bottom up approach considers?
- Organismic constraints
- Environmental constraints
- Task constraints
What are organismic constraints?
Your own individual characteristics and features
What are the two sub categories of organismic constraints and give examples
- Functional- characteristics that can be changed- power, training, motivational, attention
- Structural constraints- cant be changed- height, limb length, body proportions
What are environmental constraints?
These consider the environment and stimulus around you
Give examples of environmental constraints
- Ice
- Grass
- Ground
- Light
- Gravity
What are task constraints?
This looks at the activity/skill you have to do and what you use to complete it
Give examples of task constraints
- Equipment
- Rules
- The goal of activity
Which constraint is most important to teachers?
Task constraint as it is what you can change the most
What must happen for movement to occur?
The constraints must interact together
Give 3 roles of a teacher/coach
- Facilitate the development of a skill
- Create a learning environment that produces the best performance
- Encourage determination and motivation
Define performance
A ‘one off’ observable behaviour- could do it right one day but wrong the next
Define learning
A permanent improvement and acquisition of a skill
Give three methods a teacher could use to improve learning
- Feedback
- Demonstrations
- Practice environments
What does Schmidt say about learning experiences?
Without doubt one of the most important learning processes concerns the use of feedback
Define feedback
Information given to the learner about the proficiency and success of movement; during and after the movement has been performed
Give some examples of intrinsic feedback
vision, touch, smell, hearing, proprioception
Give two types of extrinsic feedback
- Knowledge of performance (the movement patterns itself)
2. Knowledge of results (the outcome of the performance with scores and timings)
Give the 5 stages of feedback
- Learner performs the skill
- They are given feedback
- They process the feedback
- They understand and interpret the feedback
- Athlete then makes connections with the feedback to previous performances and then future performances
Give 5 different types of feedback
- Concurrent feedback
- Terminal feedback
- Summary feedback
- Bandwidth feedback
- Faded feedback
What is concurrent feedback? Give an example
Feedback that is given during performance. Like knowing if you are in time with a gymnastics routine or dance with the musci
What is terminal feedback? Give an example
Feedback given after performance. Like a coach telling you, you did well
What is summary feedback? Give an example
This is feedback that comes after a period of performances and is more general and summarised. For example looking at your shots on target over a month rather than one game
What is bandwidth feedback? Give an example
This is feedback that allows you to make mistakes to a certain degree without immediately giving negative feedback. However, feedback will come with errors that won’t correct themselves or are extreme
What is faded feedback?
This is when you gradually reduce the amount of feedback you give to a learner which encourages them to make their own feedback
What is it known as when feedback is given during performance?
Concurrent
What is it known as when feedback comes after performance?
Terminal
What is it known as when feedback is given after a longer period of performances
Summary
What is it known as when the amount of feedback is decreased?
Faded
What is augmented feedback?
When the athlete is simply given the feedback directly?
What is the negative effect of augmented feedback?
It can hinder progression as athletes can become reliant and dependant on the feedback. It also prevents them for thinking for themselves
When should augmented feedback not be given?
For simple tasks or ones where they will get intrinsic feedback themselves
What is a demonstration useful for?
It provides a visual image of how the movement should be carried out so the athlete can refer to it in the future
Does feedback or demonstrations make athletes more reliant and dependant?
Feedback
Why are there no dependency effects with a demonstration?
Because the athlete has to watch the demonstration, then carry the movement out themselves. This requires cognitive effort as well as requiring thinking in the future to refer back to the demo
What are three main factors to consider in a demonstration
- The athlete should see the demonstration more than once
- The athlete should be given the opportunity to simply observe first
- Only give the critical information, don’t overload them
Why is learning enhanced in random practice?
Because it creates contextual interference- the athlete must cognitively process what they are doing in relation to the situation
How can learning be tested?
- Retention tests- test the following day or week
2. Transfer tests- performing a skill in another position or space
What does the schema theory say?
We have a generalised motor programme with lots of movements and skill stored, which we adapt to what we need currently
What are the two parts of schema theory?
- Recall schema
2. Recognition schema
What are the two parts of recall schema?
- Initial conditions
2. Response specifications
Looking at what is around you and the situation you are in is what?
Initial conditions
What is it called when you look at what the performer actually has to do?
Response specification
What are the two parts of recognition schema?
- Sensory consequences
2. Response outcome
What is it called when you feel the effects of what you are doing?
Sensory consequences
What is the overall result called?
Response outcome
Initial conditions and response specifications are part of which schema?
Recall schema
Sensory consequences and response outcome are part of which schema?
Recognition schema
What does an established schema allow for?
Athletes to control and modify skills for different situations and scenarios
What type of practice is good to build a schema?
- Varied
Give 4 types of practice commonly use in the top-down strategy.
- Repetitive practice
- Whole part whole
- Shadow practice
- Random/varied practice
Give some common bottom up strategies.
- Experiments and variation
- Variation in practice
- Conditioned/modified games that are realistic and authentic
What is motor development?
The sequential, continuous, age-related changes in motor behaviour because of underlying processes
Why is it helpful to know about motor development?
It alludes to the milestones and ability level children should be at/reaching. This helps to make skills developmentally appropriate
Development that works head to toe is…
Cephalocaudal
Development that works from the centre trunk outwards is…
Proximodistal
What are phylogenetic skills?
Fundamental skills, that you are born able to do. They are hereditary and within your DNA
What are ontogenetic skills?
These are skills that are acquired through learning and environmental opportunities. These skills need refinement and practice- often being seen in sport
What are the skills called that are within your DNA
Phylogenetic
What are the skills called you have to learn through learning and environmental opportunities?
Ontogenetic
