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MCAT Scientific Method/Research > Skill 3 > Flashcards

Skill 3 Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What is the order or the scientific method?

A
  1. Generate a testable question
  2. Gather data and resources
  3. Form a hypothesis
  4. Collect new data
  5. Analyze the data
  6. Interpret the data and existing hypothesis
  7. Publish
  8. Verify results
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2
Q

A variable that is manipulated or changed.

A

Independent Variable

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3
Q

A variable that is measured or observed.

A

Dependent Variable

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4
Q

Controls that ensure a change is the dependent variable when it is expected.

A

Positive Controls

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5
Q

Controls that ensure that the dependent variable does not change when no change is expected.

A

Negative Controls

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6
Q

An if-then relationship and often is the hypothesis being tested (ex. if a change in the independent variable always causes a change in the dependent variable, and the change in the dependent variable does not change in the independent variable, then a relationship is said to be this).

A

Casuality (Casual)

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7
Q

The ability of an instrument to measure a true value.

A

Accuracy (Validity)

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8
Q

The ability of an instrument to read consistently or within a narrow range.

A

Precision (Reliability)

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9
Q

What are two fundamental concepts of experimental studies in human subject research?

A
  1. Randomization

2. Blinding

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10
Q

The method used to control for differences between subject groups in biomedical research.

A

Randomization

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11
Q

Used to remove bias; subjects and investigators do not have information about which group a subject is in.

A

Blinding

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12
Q

Variables that are not controlled or measured and may affect an experiement’s outcome because of the incorrect relationship; usually a data analysis error.

A

Confounding Variables

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13
Q

Observational studies in medicine fall into what three categories?

A
  1. Cohort Studies
  2. Cross-Sectional Studies
  3. Case-Control Studies
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14
Q

What two types of studies are used in human research?

A
  1. Experimental Approach

2. Observational Approach

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15
Q

Subjects are followed and then assessed at various times to determine how many subjects in each group had a certain outcome.

A

Cohort Studies

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16
Q

Typically involves categorizing patients into different groups at a single point in time to assess for prevalence.

A

Cross-Sectional Studies

17
Q

Where subjects with a certain outcome (absent or present) are assessed for previous risk factors.

A

Case-Control Studies

18
Q

What qualifies as Hill’s Criteria?

A

“Sandy Couldn’t Care for PETS in DC”

S: Strength
C: Consistency
C: Consideration of Alternate Explanations
P: Plausibility
E: Experiment
T: Temporality
S: Specificity
D: Dose-Response Relationship
C: Coherance
19
Q

Exposure (independent variable) must occur before the outcome (dependent variable).

A

Temporality

20
Q

Greater changes in the independent variable will cause a similar change in the dependent variable if the relationship is casual.

A

Strength

21
Q

As the independent variable increases, there is a proportional increase in the response (dependent variable).

A

Dose-Response Relationship

22
Q

The relationship is found in multiple settings.

A

Consistency

23
Q

The presence of a reasonable mechanism for the relationship between the variables is supported by existing literature.

A

Plausibility

24
Q

If all other plausible explanations have been eliminated, the remaining explanation is more likely.

A

Consideration of Alternate Explanations

25
Q

An experiment can confirm casuality.

A

Experiment

26
Q

Change in the outcome (dependent) variable is produced only by an associated change in the independent variable.

A

Specificity

27
Q

New data and hypotheses are consistent with the current state of scientific knowledge.

A

Coherence

28
Q

What are three types of bias that result in the data collection phase of an experiment?

A
  1. Selection Bias
  2. Detection Bias
  3. Observation Bias
29
Q

Occurs when subjects used for a study are not representative of the target population.

A

Selection Bias

30
Q

Results from educated professionals applying knowledge in an inconsistent manner.

A

Detection Bias

31
Q

Occurs when the behavior of study participants is altered when the participants are aware that they are being studied; occurs prior to data analysis.

A

Observation Bias (AKA Hawthorne Effect)

32
Q

The three necessary pillars of research include?

A
  1. Respect for Persons
  2. Justice
  3. Beneficence

MCAT Scientific Method/Research (1 decks)

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