Skildum Virology 1

Question 1

What are the minimum form of a virus?

Answer 1

Nucleic acids surrounded by protein, may have a lipid envelope, generally studded with glycosylated proteins

Question 2

What is the relationship between enveloped viruses and potency?

Answer 2

Non enveloped viruses are more resilient than enveloped viruses

Question 3

What kind of virus would be likely to infect an insect?

Answer 3

A non enveloped virus

Question 4

What is the tropic range of HIV particles?

Answer 4

CD-4 and CCR-5 positive cells, T cells
Also macrophages that express these

Tropic range determines what cell the virus can gain access to

Question 5

What is the process of virus entry?

Answer 5

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Question 6

What happens to a virus once it enters the cell?

Answer 6

Uncoating

Allows replication of the virus proteins

Question 7

What is antiviral therapy aimed at?

Answer 7

Disrupting the replication phase

Most common is targeting the viral genome replication with nucleic acid analogs

Question 8

What must be true of a nucleic acid analog drug for it to be effective?

Answer 8

Must have affinity for the enzyme

Question 9

What structures of the nucleic acid are needed for addition?

Answer 9

5’ phosphate and 3’ hydroxyl

Question 10

What phosphorylates the prodrug of acyclovir?

Answer 10

Thymidine kinase

Question 11

What does thymidine kinase do?

Answer 11

Phosphates a base to a mono phosphate

Question 12

What part of nucleotide phosphorylation is specific?

Answer 12

Mono to do phosphate

The other steps use non specific enzymes

Question 13

When is thymidine kinase expressed?

Answer 13

During S phase

Question 14

How do herpes viruses replicate when the cell is not in S phase?

Answer 14

By expressing their own thymidine kinase

Question 15

How does active acyclovir act?

Answer 15

By inhibiting DNA replication and by binding strongly to viral kinases, it has a stronger affinity for guanosine kinases than guanosine

Question 16

What are acute and long term viral pathogenesis?

Answer 16

Acute: cell death and inflammation

Long term: malignancies and immune suppression –> oppertunistic infection

Question 17

What do viruses that cause cancer have?

Answer 17

Proteins that are homologous to cell cycle regulation proteins and act at:

• g1–>
• regulation of cell death by apoptosis
• the ‘immunological synapse’

Question 18

What is the first step to S phase?

Answer 18

Cyclin D

Question 19

What is Bid?

Answer 19

Anti apoptotic protein that keeps the mitochondria from rupturing

Question 20

How do T cells communicate with B cells?

Answer 20

CD40 on the B cell

CD40L on the T cell

Question 21

Why is the EB virus associated with lymphoma?

Answer 21

It is associated with increases B cell expression

Question 22

What does a virus do to a cell?

Answer 22

Infects a cell and turns it into a different organism