Skeleton & Joints Flashcards
What are the functions of the skeleton?
- Support, movement, and protection. - Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis/found in red bone marrow). - Store inorganic salts (calcium, phosphates, magnesium, sodium, potassium).
What are the two subdivisions of the skeleton and their parts?
- Axial skeleton (head, neck, trunk). - Appendicular skeleton (upper limbs, lower limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle).
Where is the hyoid bone?
Between the mandible and larynx (it is U shaped).
Know the bones of the cranium and which exist in pairs.
-the parietal and temporal bones (exist in pairs) -frontal bone -occipital bone -ethmoid bone -sphenoid bone
sagittal suture
separates the 2 parietal bones
coronal suture
connects frontal and parietal bones
squamous suture
connects parietal and lower portion of temporal bone
zygomatic process
protrusion from the rest of the skull, like the bumper of a car. on sides of skull (cheekbones)
external auditory meatus
ear canal (tube)
styloid process
pointed protrusion (left temporal bone – outer surface)
mastoid process
cone shaped / projecting from the undersurface of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone (behind styloid)
lamboidal suture
connects parietal bones from occipital bone
foramen magnum
is a large opening in the occipital bone of the cranium (hole on bottom)
occipital condyles
kidney-shaped convex surface found in the lower back part of the skull
greater wings
bony process of sphenoid bone
sella turcica
saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone
crista galli
olfactory bulbs lie on either side of the crista galli on top of the cribriform plate
cribiform plates
what the crista galli projects out of (holes in it)
superior and middle nasal conchae
thin, curved plate > back part of the medial surface of the labirynth (part of the ethmoid bone)
supraorbital foramen
bony elongated path located above the orbit (eye socket) and under the forehead. (directly below the eyebrow)
Know the facial bones, how many there are and which exist in pairs.
maxilla (2) zygomatic (2) lacrimal (2) nasal (2) inferior nasal conchae (2) palatine (2) vomer (1) mandible (1)
mandible
maxilla
Sinuses + their function
reduce the skull’s weight & protect respiratory tract
the structure and function of the vertebral column
cervical curvature(yellow) - (c1 holds up skull) c2 (axis) -c7 (c1 is atlas) CONCAVE Thoracic curvature (pink) - (t1-t12) CONVEX Lumbar curvature (blue)- (l1-l5) CONCAVE
functions:
- The vertebrae are support for the body’s frame, keeping it standing upright. It connects the head to the rest of the body.
- To serve as protection for the spinal cord. The bony rings surround the sensitive spinal canal, which transmits the body’s electrical transmissions from the brain to the rest of the body.
what kind of cartilage separates each of most vertebra
fibrocartilage discs
spinous process
part felt on back
body (centrum)
where intervertebral rests
generic vertebra
Why is the atlas and the axis different from the other cervical vertebra’s?
The Atlas is designed to allow a nodding movement, whilst the axis below it has the odontoid peg on it to allow shaking, or rotational movement of the skull.
Know the major differences between the 5 types of vertebrae (eg – size of spinous process or body, if they are fused, key traits etc)
(7 cervical [S], 12 thoracic [M] (spinous process), and 5 lumbar [L]) followed by the sacrum (5 fused sacral vertebrae) and the coccyx (4 frequently fused coccygeal vertebrae).
composition of the bony thorax
- sternum
- ribs
- thoracic vertebra
sacrum & coccyx
Sternum
how do the ribs articulate with sternum?
through costal cartilige (if they do not they are referred to as floating ribs)
how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton? what are the two girdles?
126
- pelvic
- pectoral
What bones make up the pectoral girdle? How do they articulate with each other? What is the function(s)
of this girdle?
- composed of : clavicle, and scapula
- the medial end of each clavicle articulates with the manubrium and first rib
- Laterally, the ends join the scapulae
- pectoral girdle attaches the upper limbs to the trunk / provides attachment for many muscles that move the upper limb
scapula
-generally triangle, flattened body, and two processes
What bone makes up the arm?
the humerus
What bones make up the forearm? What happens to these bones during pronation and supination?
- radius and ulna
- pronation (radius rotates over ulna)
- supination (radius and ulna are parallel)
compare/contrast osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
osteoblasts: bone cells that build bone tissue
osteoclasts: bone cells that break down bone tissue
osteocytes: mature bones
bone matrix
- non cellular substance
- 25% fibrous protein
- 25% water
- 50% crystalized mineral salt
Compare/contrast compact bone and spongy bone
compact
- few spaces between hard componets
- makes external layer of all bones
- provides: structure, and site of attachment for tendons and ligaments
spongy
- does not contain true osteons
- made up of lamellae that are arranged in a lattice of thin columns of bone
- trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow
What is a fontanel and where are they found? Why are they were they are located?
- fibrous membrane (soft spots) found on an infants skull
- they allow for larger brain capacity (help infant head deal with the pressure of passing down the vaginal canal)
how is a fetal skeleton different from an adult skeleton?
- A fetal skeleton is more elastic than an adult skeleton. The bones of an adult skeleton are more brittle. Bones in a fetal skeleton will break more easily.
- made up of hyaline cartilage
Why is the pelvic girdle made up of heavy bones with many thick ligaments wrapped around?
provides strong, stable support for the vertebral column, protects the organs of the pelvis, and provides a site for the lower limbs to attach to the axial skeleton.
Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/what-are-the-functions-of-the-pelvic-girdle#ixzz2W2Yr5UT8
the bones that make up the wrist, hand, and fingers and how they articulate
- carpals (wrist)
- metacarpals (hand)
- phalanges (fingers)
intermetacarpal articulation
intertubercular groove
