Skeleton and joints (correct) Flashcards
what is axial skeleton
bones of the head (skull), neck and trunk
what is appendicular skeleton
bones of the limbs
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage, Elastic cartilage, and Fibrocartilage.
which 5 places is hyaline cartilage located?
What are the 4 functions of hyaline cartilage?
what 3 places is elastic cartilage located?
What is the function of elastic cartilage?
It provides flexible support for soft tissues.
What 3 places is fibrocartilage located?
What is the function of fibrocartilage?
It resists deformation under stress.
What tissues are bones composed of?
Bones consist of bone tissue and other connective tissues such as haemopoietic tissue, adipose tissue, and nerve tissue.
What are the four main functions of bones?
Protection and support
Movement
Storage for calcium and phosphate
Blood cell production
mature bones are composed of structural units called what?
osteons
What are osteons composed of?
Osteons are composed of concentric lamellae surrounding the osteonal canal
Name the three types of lamellae in bone.
Concentric lamellae – surround the osteonal canal
Outer circumferential lamellae – on the outer surface of bone
Inner circumferential lamellae – on the inner surface near the endosteum
What are osteoblasts?
Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells that secrete the bone matrix.
What are osteocytes, and where are they found?
Osteocytes are mature bone cells enclosed by bone matrix previously secreted by osteoblasts.
What is the role of osteoclasts?
Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells responsible for bone resorption.
what are the 6 attachment sites of tendons, ligaments, and fascia in bones
tubercle
trochanter
process
tuberosity
line
fossa
what are the 3 passageways of structures
foramen
grove/ suclus
notch
what are the 6 joint formations
head
condyles
facets
capitulum
trochlea
Epicondyles
What are the two main types of bone ossification (development)?
Intramembranous ossification and Endochondral ossification
What is intramembranous ossification?
What is endochondral ossification?
What is the definition of joints?
Joints are unions or junctions between two or more bones or rigid parts of the skeleton.
What is another name for joints?
Articulations or arthroses
hence inflammation of joints = arthritis
What are the three types of joints based on structure and movement?
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints
What are fibrous joints joined by? what kind of movement does this allow?
United by fibrous tissue (dense connective tissue).
Allow no significant movement.
What are cartilaginous joints joined by? what kind of movement does this allow?
Joined by hyaline or fibrocartilage.
Slightly moveable
what are the primary and secondary types of cartilaginous joints
Primary type: Synchondroses.
Secondary type: Symphysis.
What are synovial joints united by?
United by a joint capsule enclosing a joint cavity.
what does the joint cavity in synovial joint contain? what does this allow?
Joint cavity contains lubricating synovial fluid.
Permit free movement, depending on the joint’s shape.
What structurally strengthens and reinforces synovial joints?
Ligaments structurally strengthen and reinforce synovial joints
What are some distinguishing features of synovial joints?
Some synovial joints have distinguishing features such as fibrocartilaginous articular discs (e.g., TMJ) or meniscus (e.g., knee).
What are the three types of uniaxial synovial joints?
Pivot, Hinge, and Plane joints.
give an example of a pivot joint
give an example of a hinge joint
give an example of a plane joint
what are the 2 types of biaxial synovial joints
Saddle
Condyloid
give an example of a saddle joint
give an example of a condyloid joint
what is a type of multiaxial synovial joint?
Ball and socket
give an example of a ball and socket joint
What supplies blood to joints?
articular arteries
What is formed when articular arteries anastomose?
peri-articular arterial anastomoses.
How are joints innervated?
innervated by articular nerves with sensory endings in the joint capsule for proprioception and nociception.
What is Hilton’s law?
Hilton’s law states that the nerves supplying the muscles acting on the joint also supply the joint itself.
What branches of nerves supply the joints?
Branches of cutaneous nerves supply the overlying skin.
Branches of nerves supplying muscles that cross the joint.
