Skeleton Flashcards
How are bones classified?
- *Long bones** e.g Humerus, femur, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula, femur
- *Short Bones** - wrist and ankle carpals
- *Irregular Bones** - Vertebrae (C1-C7, T1-T12, L1-L5, S1-S5, C1-C4)
- *Flat Bones** - Sternum, scapula and ribs
- *Pneumatic Bones** - Bones with air spaces e.g sphenoid and frontal
- *Sesamoid Bones** - Found in tendons e.g patella bone
How many bones does a new born have?
How many bones does the adult skeleton have?
New born = 350 bones
Adult = 206 bones
What are the two divisions of the skeleton?
What does each division consist of?
Skeleton is split into the axial and appendicular
Axial skeleton - comprises of skull, ossicles (inner ear), hyoid bone, rib cage, vertebral column
Appendicular skeleton - shoulder girdle, arm, hand, pelvic girdle, leg and foot
Identify the names of these bones
- How many bones are in the skull?
- What is the hole at the base of the skull bone called?
- What bone forms this hole?
The skull is composed is 22 bones
The foreamen magnum is the hole in the occipital bone. The spinal cord passes through here.
Identify these structures of the scapula
- Inferior and superior angles
- Spine
- Acromion
- Coracoid Process
- Glenoid Fossa
What is formed between the acromion and the clavicle?
Acromioclavicular joint
What is the joint between the sternum and clavicle called?
Joint between the clavicle and the sternum is called the sternoclavicular joint
What is the pectoral girdle?
Pectoral girdle is composed of the scapula and the clavicle
What does the humerus articulate with at the glenoid cavity?
What joint is formed?
What results as a consequence of poor congruence between the two articulating surfaces?
Glenohumeral joint is formed at the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the head of the humerus
The poor fit/ lack of congruence of the two articulating surfaces results in dislocation.
Describe the elbow joint
Label these structures
At the elbow joint the humerus will articulate with the radius and ulna
- Medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus
- Olecranon process and fossa at the back of the elbow joint
What are the three joints at the elbow?
- Proximal Radioulnar joint
- Humeroulnar joint
- Humeroradial joint
What is the difference between condyles and epicondyles?
- Epicondyles - provide a surface for the attachment of muscles or ligaments
- Condyles - articulates with another bone
What is the brain case of the skull called?
What are the bones of the brain case?
Brain case is called the CALVARIA
Bones of the calvaria include the
- Frontal
- Sphenoid
- Temporal
- Parietal
- Occipital
- Ethmoid
What are some of the main aims of bones?
- Support e.g vertebral spin
- Locomotion
- Protection e.g skull (occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, temporal, sphenoid, thoracic cage, pelvis (ilium, ischium and pubis)
- Muscle attachments e.g sternoclaidomastoid
- Haematopoesis
- Fat storage
Identify these sutures
What structures form the thoracic cage?
What seperates the thorax and abdomen?
What is the joint between the manubrium and sternum? At what vertebral level does this lie?
- Thoracic cage = ribs, sternum and vertebrae
- Thorax and abdomen is seperated by the diaphragm
- The joint between the manubrium and sternum is the manubriosternal joint which lies at the level of T3-T4
Name these structures of the forearm (highlighted) and other structures as a recap.
What are the bones called that form the wrist joint with the radius and ulna?
Identify these
‘Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cant Handle’
Proximal row of carpal bones form the wrist joint with the radius and ulna
The carpal bones are:
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrium, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate
Name the bones in the diagram below.
Identify the joints
The thumb contains only proximal and distal phalanges.
Metacarpo-phalangeal joints
Interphalangeal joints
What is the vertebral column divided into?
What region of the vertebral column contains fused bones?
What are the two alternate names of the first two vertebrae?
What is the role of the intervertebral discs?
The vertebral column is divided into 5 regions
-
Cervical = 7
- C1 = atlas, C2 = axis
- Thoracic = 12
- Lumbar = 5
- Sacral = 5
- Coccygeal = 4
- There are 33 bones in total
- The sacral region is fused, the vertebral column terminates at the coccyx.
- Intervertebral discs = lie between succesive vertebrae, provide shock absorption and cushioning
What are the girdles of the upper and lower limb?
Girlde = connects your limbs
Pectoral/ Shoulder girdle = connects your upper limb to your shoulder
composed of your scapula and clavicle
Pelvic Girdle = connects your lower limb
- composed of three bones - ilium, ischium and pubis
What is the greater and lesser pelvis seperated by? What structures form this?
The greater and lesser pelvis is seperated by the superior pelvic aperture
It is formed by the
- Pubic symphysis
- Pubic Crest
- Arcuate Line
- Sacral Alae
- Sacral Promonetry
Label the areas circled on the pelvis
Locate the ASIS, PSIS, AIIS, PIIS. What are they?
- Anterior inferior Iliac Spine
- Posterior Superior Iliac Spine
- Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
- Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine
What is this structure called?
Pubic Tubercle
Label these structures
What is the joint where the pelvis joins the sacrum called?
Identify these ligaments and their function
These ligaments connect the sacrum to the pelvis
- Sacrospinous Ligament = The base of the ligament is attached to the outer edge of the sacrum and coccyx, and the tip of the ligament attaches to the spine of the ischium
- Sacrotuberous Ligament = The sacrotuberous ligament is a slender, fan-shaped ligament of the posterior (back) pelvis located on either side of the body. This ligament arises midway down the posterior side of the sacrum, which is located at the spinal base.
Identify the bones of the lower limb
Femur, Tibia and Fibula, Talus, Calcaneus and Metatarsals
Identify these structures
Identify this structure
What are the bones of the tarsus?
Tarsus (ankle) is like the carpus (wrist)
Identify these structures
The digits have three phalanges
- Proximal phalanx, middle phalanx and distal phalanx
- Except for the big toe hallux which only has two
