Skeleton Flashcards
What are the three types of skeletons?
Hydrostatic;
Endoskeleton;
Exoskeleton
What is a hydrostatic skeleton?
A skeleton that is supported by liquid pressure.
What is an endoskeleton?
This is an internal skeleton.
What is an exoskeleton?
Tough, external skeleton found in some invertebrate animals.
What are some examples of hydrostatic skeleton animals?
Jellyfish (supported by water outside their bodies), earthworm (supported by water inside their bodies).
What is an example of an endoskeleton?
Vertebrate animals like humans.
What is an example of exoskeletons?
Lobsters, crabs.
What is the best type of skeleton for protection?
Animals with exoskeletons are well-protected overall.
Why are animals with exoskeletons vulnerable to predators?
Exoskeletons are like armoured overcoats.
As the animal grows, it needs to replace its exoskeleton by shedding its protective outercoat and a new larger skeleton takes its place.
The new skeleton is soft to start off with and hardens overtime.
This that makes these animals susceptible to predators during the time period of shedding their exoskeleton and the hardening of the new one.
What is the human skeleton?
A flexible, inner framework made up of 206 bones and cartilage.
What would we appear as without skeletons?
Shapeless blobs.
How many bones does the human skeleton have?
206.
What are the functions of the skeleton?
Shape and support, movement, protects vital organs, and blood production.
Explain the shape and support function of the skeleton.
The skeleton forms the frame to which our muscles can attach and allows the body to stay upright.
What’s an example of the shape and support function of the skeleton?
The backbone enables us to stay upright.
What is the Movement function of the skeleton?
Muscles are attached to the skeleton. Movement occurs when the muscles pull and contract on the bones, making them move about a joint.
What is an example of the movement function in the skeleton?
Bicep muscle connects to the shoulder and elbow and helps with lifting.
What is the protects vital organs function in the skeleton?
Internal organs are soft and delicate and can be easily damaged. These vital organs are protected by the skeleton.
Example of protects vital organs function in the skeleton.
The skull protects brain and eyes.
The ribs protect the heart and lungs.
What is the blood production function of the skeleton?
The centre of some large bones contains red blood marrow, which creates red blood cells. Bone marrow also stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorous, and releases them into the blood.
Example of blood production in the skeleton?
The pelvis and the femur are both important in blood production.
What is the cranium?
Bones of the skull that enclose and protect the brain and organs responsible for hearing, sight, and balance.
What is the clavicular/ collarbone?
Supports the upper arm and scapula.
What is the scapula?
The moveable bone to which most of the shoulder muscles are attached.
What is the sternum?
A flat and important bon due to its location, protecting vital organs such as the heart, lungs, and air passages.
What is the humerus?
Serves as the connection between the scapular and the elbow, linking the two lower arm bones.
What is the ribcage?
Protects the internal organs from damage, particularly the heart and the lungs.
Also helps you to breathe because it expands and contracts.
What is the vertebral column?
Support for the body’s frame and keeps it standing upright.
Connects the head to the rest of the body.
Serves as protection for the spinal cord.
What is the pelvis?
Structure that provides a foundation for the legs and also supports a portion of the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
Radius?
The shorter of the two long bones of the lower arm that extends from the elbow to the wrist. It is the bone on the thumb side of the arm. It plays a huge role in the motion and stability of the arm.
Ex: wrist mobility.
What is the ulna?
Located in the lower arm.
The functions of the ulna include supporting movement of the hands and arms.
What is the femur?
The thigh bone, and the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the entire human body.
All of the body’s weight is supported by the femur during many activities such as running, jumping, walking, and standing.
What is the patella?
Lies in front of the “knee join” between the femur and tibia. Its function is to protect the knee joint.
What is the fibula?
An attachment point for muscles, located to the side of the tibia.
What is the tibia?
Bone in the lower leg that connects to the fibula and provides movement of the legs. The main job of the tibia is to form a hinge joint with the femur that allows you to walk, run, kick a ball, and generally, have fun.
What are bones?
Hard, rigid structures that form the skeleton in our body.
What are bones a mixture of?
Living and Non-living materials:
Living: bone cells, collagen (which provide flexibility)
Non living: Minerals (calcium, phosphorous) which makes bones hard and strong.
What is bone marrow?
Bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue found inside certain bones. It is essential for life because it continuously produces new blood cells to replace old or damaged ones, keeping the body functioning properly.
In what bones is bone marrow located?
Hip bone, ribs, long bones.
What are the two types of bone marrow?
Red bone marrow.
Yellow bone marrow.
What is red bone marrow?
Red bone marrow is made up of cells that produce blood cells, which include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
What is yellow bone marrow?
Yellow bone marrow is made up of mostly fat cells and helps store energy.
What is Rickets?
Rickets is a condition caused by a lack of Vitamin D, Calcium, and Phosphate. It weakens bones, making them soft, causing them to bend or deform, leading to bow-shaped legs in children.
How do bones break?
Bones can break when you fall, get hit, or put too much pressure on them. A break happens when the force is stronger than the bone can handle.
What happens when a bone breaks?
1) First, a blood clot forms around the break to protect it and stop bleeding.
2) Cells called Osteoblasts get to work by building new bone tissue.
3) Over time, the body creates a callus (bony bump) around the break, which hardens and becomes strong.
What are joints
Joints are places where two or more bones meet in the body, enabling movement and flexibility. Joint can move in different ways: bending; rotating, and sliding.
Where can joints be found?
Elbows, knees, fingers, spine.
What are the three types of joints?
Ball and socket joint,
Fixed joint,
Hinge Joint.
What is a ball and socket joint?
A ball and socket joint allows movement in all directions (flexion, extension, rotation). One bone of the joint has a round end that fits into a circular opening into the other bone.
An example of a ball and socket joint is the hip and shoulder.
What are fixed joints?
Fixed joints don’t allow movement. Bones meet, but there’s no movement; the joints are immoveable and provide stability.
Example: Skull.
What are hinge joints?
Hinge joints allow movement in one directions, such as bending and straightening.
Example: Elbow and Knee.
What is synovial fluid?
Clear slippery fluid protects the joint by lubricating it and reducing friction when the joint moves.
What is synovial membrane?
The membrane that surrounds each joint, protecting it and secretes synovial fluid.
What is articular cartilage?
The end of each bone is covered in cartilage. This cushions and protects the ends of the bones so that they don’t wear away. It also acts as a shock absorber. When it degenerates, arthritis develops.
What is the bursa?
A small sac near the joint that contains a fluid which lubricates the movement of muscles as the muscles move across the muscles or the muscles across the bone.
What are ligaments?
Tough band of flexible, elastic material that attaches from bone to bone. Located around the joints, providing stability of the joint, and holds adjacent bones in the proper alignment.
What are tendons?
Connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones. Tendons cannot stretch, so as the muscle moves, the tendon which is attached to it also moves.
What are muscles?
Muscles are soft tissues in the body, mostly made up of protein, that consist of long cells called muscle fibres and are held together by connective tissue.
What are Skeletal Muscles?
Muscles that are attached to the bone.
What actions are muscles capable of?
Contracting and pulling.
Why must muscles work in pairs?
Muscles contract, become hard and bulge out more. A muscle can relax and stop pulling, but it cannot stretch and push on the bones to get the joint back to its original position. The bone must be pulled by another muscle.
What is antagonistic muscle action?
When one muscle pulls at the joint in one direction, the other muscle pulls in the other direction.
Example: Biceps and Triceps.
What happens when the lower arm is lowered?
Biceps relax, becomes longer and thinner.
Triceps contract, become shorter and fatter.
Pulling the bone away from the body, extension.
What happens when lower arm is raised?
Biceps contract, become shorter and fatter.
Triceps relax, become longer and thinner.
Pulling the bone towards the body (flexion).
Triceps are fully stretched so that it can contract again.
