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Skeletal System > Skeleton > Flashcards

Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A
  • Supports framework for the body
  • Forms boundaries
  • Attachment to muscles & tendons
  • Permits movement (joints)
  • Haematopoiesis from red bone marrow
  • Mineral homeostasis (mostly calcium & phosphate)
  • triglyceride storage (yellow bone marrow)
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2
Q

What are osteogenic cells

A

Bone stem cells - only bone cell to undergo division which produces osteoblasts

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3
Q

What are osteoblasts

A

Bone-building cells
They synthesise & secrete collagen & other components of bony matrix
When they are trapped they become osteocytes

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4
Q

What are osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

Maintain daily metabolism of bone, such as nutrient exhange

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5
Q

What are osteoclasts

A

Huge cells derived from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (WBCs)
Cell membrane is a ruffled border which releases powerful lysosomal enzymes & acids which digest bone matrix
Resorption = breakdown of bone matrix

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6
Q

What is compact bone

A

80% of skeletal bones
Contains few spaces & is strong
Found beneath the periosteum of all bones & makes up the bulk of the diaphysis of long bones

Peri = layer surrounding
Diaphysis = shaft
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7
Q

What is an osteon & its four parts

A

Osteon = structural unit of compact bone

  1. Haversian canal
  2. Lamellae
  3. Canaliculi
  4. Lacunae
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8
Q

What is spongy bone

A

No osteons, Instead consists of an irregular lattice of thin columns called trabeculae that are arranged along lines of stress
Spaces between trabeculae help make bone lighter & can be filled with bone marrow & blood vessels
It is always covered with compact bone
Makes up the interior of short, flat & irregular shaped bones & end of long bones

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9
Q

What main minerals are found in the bone matrix

A

The most abundant is calcium phosphate. This combines with other mineral salts such as magnesium, sulphate, potassium
These minerals are deposited & crystallise (harden) in the framework formed by collagen fibres of the matrix. Together these minerals contribute to the hardness of bone

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10
Q

What is the haversian canal

A

The canal within osteons that contains blood vessels & nerves

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11
Q

What is lamellae

A

Concentric rings of calcified extracellular matrix containing minerals & collagen within osteons

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12
Q

What is canaliculi

A

Mini system of interconnected canals that provide a route for nutrients/waste within osteons

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13
Q

What is lacunae

A

Small spaces with osteocytes found within osteons

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14
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate

A

A layer of hyaline cartilage that separates the epiphyses & the diaphysis of long bones that allows the diaphysis to grow in length

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15
Q

How does the periosteum assist bone growth & repair

A

It is aouble-layered membrane with a tough outer ‘fibrous layer’ & an inner ‘osteogenic layer’ that contains osteoblasts & osteoclasts that assist in bone growth & repair

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16
Q

What are the two ossification pathways used to produce bone

A
  1. Intramembranous: bone develops from connective tissue sheets & all flat bones (ie skull) & the clavicles develop this way
  2. Endochondral: bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage
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17
Q

What hormones promote osteoblast activity

A 
Growth hormone
Thyroid hormone
Oestrogen
Testosterone
Calcitonin
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18
Q

What hormones promote osteoclast activity

A

Parathyroid hormone

Cortisol (& steroid medications)

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19
Q

What is the mineral calcium’s affects on bone homeostasis

A

Blood calcium levels have to be tightly controlled to ensure proper blood clotting, nerve & muscle function
Calcium exhange is regulated by the parathyroid glands & the thyroid gland

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20
Q

What are the parathyroid glands affects on blood calcium

A

Increases overall blood calcium
Increase activity of osteoclasts (resorption)
Stimulate kidneys to reabsorb & retain calcium in blood
Increases formation of calcitrol

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21
Q

What is calcitonin & its affects on bone calcium

A

A hormone that lowers blood calcium levels
It is secreted by para-follicular cells of the thyroid gland
It inhibits osteoclasts & promotes osteoblast deposition of calcium in the bones
Overall results in increased bone formation & decreased blood calcium

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22
Q

What is vitamin D’s affects on bone calcium

A

It facilitates calcium absorption jn the intestines & is directly involved in bone turnover
Vitamin D3 works closely with K2
D3 assists absorption of calcium jntk the blood whilst K2 activates a protein ‘osteocalcin’ which controls utilisation of calcium in the body (depositing it in bones)

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23
Q

What affects the body’s vitamin D levels

A

Decrease with increase in age
Combination of factors such as:
Low sun exposure
Reduced dietary absorption
Reduced ability to produce an active form of vitamin D
High alcohol intake reduced vitamin D conversion into its active form
Magnesium deficiency - it is a co-factor needed for conversion of vitamin D

24
Q

What effects do exercise have on bones

A

Within limits, bone can become stronger in response to mechanical stress (weight-bearing exercise & gravity pull)
Leads to increased mineral deposition & increased collagen production

25
Q

What is calcitrol

A

Secreted by parathyroid glands (active form of vitamin D) which promotes calcium uptake from food in the intestines & kidneys

26
Q

What is the axial skeleton

A

The ‘central skeleton’ containing 80 bones
Serves to protect the body’s most vital organs
Contains the skull, inner ear bones (ossicles), hyoid (chin), thoracic cage & vertebral column

27
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton

A

Consists of bones that support the extremities i.e limbs
Consists of 126 bones
Functions include movement & organ protection
Consists of shoulder girdle, arms, hands, pelvic girdle, legs, feet

28
Q

What are the 24 parts of the vertbral column

A

Cervical (C1-C7)
Thoracic (T1-T12)
Lumbar (L1-L5)
Sacrum & coccyx (fused)

29
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column

A

Protection for spinal cord,
movement eg side bending,
support of skull,
forms axis of the trunk

30
Q

What are the intervertebral discs

A

23 Shock-absorbing structures that bind vertebral bodies & separate individual vertebrae
They are made up of two parts:
Annulus fibrosus & nucleus pulposus

31
Q

How many bones are present in the thoracic cage

A

Sternum + 12 pairs of ribs

32
Q

How are skeletal muscles attached to bone

A 
Via tough fibrous structures called tendons
Their contracture (shortening) generates movement
33
Q

What are fibrous joints

A

Bones held tightly together permitting limited movement e.g sutures in skull

34
Q

What are cartilaginous joints

A

Articulating bones tightly connected by cartilage, permit little or no movement e.g epiphyseal growth plate, intervertebral discs

35
Q

What are synovial joints

A

Contain synovial fluid which allows bones to glide freely past eachother permitting the most movement.
Bones are covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage that reduces friction & acts as a shock absorber
Examples : ‘ball and socket’ - shoulder & hi & ‘hinge’ - elbow & knee

36
Q

What is synovial fluid

A

Found in synovial joints
Consists mostly of hyaluronic acid & interstitial fluid filtered from blood
Synovial joints have no direct blood supply, instead obtain nutrients by diffusion (joint movement essential for this to happen)

37
Q

What are bursae

A

Closed, dfluid filled sacs that are strategically located to reduce friction
The inside of a bursa contains connective tissue fluid similar to synovial
Located between skin & bone, tendon & bone, muscle & bone or ligament & bone

38
Q

What is lateral flexion

A

Movement of trunk away from midline

39
Q

What is flexion

A

Decrease in joint angle

40
Q

What is extension

A

Increase in joint angle

41
Q

What is rotation

A

Movement around its longitudinal axis

Can be medial or lateral in limbs

42
Q

What is abduction

A

Movement away from midline

43
Q

What is adduction

A

Movement towards midline

44
Q

What is circumduction

A

Circular, combination of movements

45
Q

What is elevation

A

Superior movement (up)

46
Q

What is depression

A

Inferior movement (down)

47
Q

What is protraction

A

Anterior movement (forward)

48
Q

What is retraction

A

Posterior movement (backward)

49
Q

What is inversion

A

Medial movement of sole (turning in)

50
Q

What is eversion

A

Lateral movement of sole (turn out)

51
Q

What is dorsiflexion

A

Bending foot up

52
Q

What is plantarflexion

A

Bending foot down

53
Q

What is supination

A

Movement of forearm to Hold palms up

54
Q

What is pronation

A

Movement of forearm to turn palms down

55
Q

What is opposition

A

Movement of thumbs across palms to touch fingertips

Skeletal System (3 decks)

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