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Human Physiology and Anatomy > Skeleteal System > Flashcards

Skeleteal System Flashcards

1
Q

Axial Skeleton - tan

A

– Forms central
supporting axis of the
body
– Skull, vertebrae,
sternum, ribs,
sacrum, and hyoid

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2
Q

Appendicular
skeleton colored
green

A

Upper extremity limbs
Lower extremity limbs
– Pelvic girdle

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3
Q

Number of bones

A

270 bones at birth, decreases with fusion
– 206 in typical adult skeleton

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4
Q

Ridges, spines, bumps, depressions, canals, pores, slits,
cavities, and articular surfaces

A

Examples of markings on the surface of the skull

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5
Q

Skull has ___ bones. Joined together by _____. ( _____).
The most ____ part of the skeleton.

A

22 bones joined together by sutures (immovable
joints)
the most complex part of the skeleton

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6
Q

(5) Other cavities in the skull

A

1) nasal
2) Paranasal sinuses
3) inner and middle ear
4) Oral
5) Orbits

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7
Q

of cranial bones surround cranial cavity -
encloses brain

A

8

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8
Q

Types of Paranasal sinuses of the skull and its functions

A

1) frontal, 2) sphenoid, 3) ethmoid,
and 4) maxillary

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9
Q

foramina of the skull

A

holes that allow passage for
blood vessels and nerves

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10
Q

Facial bones support

A

support facial, teeth, and jaw muscles

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11
Q

Parietal bones form most of the ____ roof and part of the ____ roofs ______ walls.

A

form most of the cranial roof and part of the cranial roofs lateral walls

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12
Q

Parietal bones: Bordered by four sutures

A

1)Sagittal: between parietal
bones
2)Coronal: at anterior margin
3) Lambdoid: at posterior
margin
4) Squamous: at lateral border

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13
Q

Parietal bones: Two temporal lines serve as _____

A

attachment of the temporalis
muscle

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14
Q

The Temporal Bones: Petrous Part

A

Part of cranial floor
* Separates middle cranial fossa from
posterior cranial fossa
* Houses middle- and inner ear cavities
* Receptors for hearing and
balance
—opening for CN VII
(vestibulocochlear nerve)

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15
Q

The Occipital Bone is found in the ______

A

Rear and base of skull

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16
Q

The Occipital Bone: Foramen Magnum holds

A

spinal
cord

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17
Q

The Occipital Bone: Basilar part

A

thick median plate

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18
Q

Condylar canal is posterior to each

A

occipital condyle

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19
Q

The Occipital Bone: Hypoglossal canal

A

Hypoglossal canal transmits
hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
supplying tongue muscles

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20
Q

The external occipital
protuberance is associated with the?

A

nuchal
ligament

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21
Q

The Occipital Bone: Superior and inferior nuchal
lines

A

mark neck muscles

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22
Q

The Ethmoid Bone:

A

Anterior cranial bones
located between the
eyes
* Contributes to medial
wall of orbit
* Lateral walls and roof of
nasal cavity, and nasal
septum
* Three major portions of
this porous, delicate
bone
* Perpendicular plate
forms superior two-thirds
of nasal septum

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23
Q

The Ethmoid Bone: Cribriform plate

A

forms roof of nasal cavity
– Crista galli: attachment point for meninges

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24
Q

The Ethmoid Bone: Labyrinth

A

large mass on each side of perpendicular plate
– Ethmoidal cells make up the ethmoid sinus
– Orbital plate

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25
Q

The Ethmoid Bone: Superior and middle nasal conchae

A

scroll-like plates project
into the nasal fossa

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26
Q

The Ethmoid Bone: Inferior nasal concha

A

separate bone

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27
Q

The Ethmoid Bone: Three conchae

A

Occupy most of the nasal cavity, create
turbulence of airflow, humidify air before it reaches the lungs.

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28
Q

Facial bones

A

—those that have no direct contact with
the brain or meninges
– Support the teeth
– Give shape and individuality to the face
– Form part of the orbital and nasal cavities
– Provide attachments for muscles of facial expression and
mastication

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29
Q

14 facial bones

A

2 maxillae 2 nasal bones
2 palatine bones 2 inferior nasal conchae
2 zygomatic bones 1 vomer
2 lacrimal bones 1 mandible

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30
Q

The Maxillae

A

Largest facial bones
* Forms upper jaw and meets at
median intermaxillary suture
Forms inferomedial wall of orbit
– Infraorbital foramen
– Inferior orbital fissure

31
Q

Alveolar processes:

A

bony points
between teeth

32
Q

Alveolus:

A

sockets that hold teeth

33
Q

The Maxillae: Forms most of the hard palate

A

– Palatine process
– Palate: forms roof of mouth and floor of nasal cavity
– Palate allows us to chew while breathing
– Cleft palate and cleft lip

34
Q

Maxillary sinus

A

fills maxillae bone
larger in volume than frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid sinuses

35
Q

The Palatine Bones

A

L-shaped bone
* Form the posterior
portion of the hard
palate
* Part of lateral nasal
cavity wall
* Part of the orbital
floor
* Greater palatine
foramina

36
Q

The Zygomatic Bones

A
  • Forms angles of the
    cheekbones and part of
    lateral orbital wall
  • Zygomaticofacial
    foramen
  • Zygomatic arch is
    formed from temporal
    process of zygomatic
    bone and zygomatic
    process of temporal
    bone
37
Q

The Lacrimal Bones

A
  • Form part of medial
    wall of each orbit
  • Smallest bone of skull
  • Lacrimal fossa
    houses lacrimal sac
    in life
    – Tears collect in
    lacrimal sac and drain
    into nasal cavity
38
Q

The Nasal Bones

A

Forms bridge of nose
* Supports cartilages
that shape lower
portion of the nose
* Often fractured by
blow to the nose

39
Q

The Inferior Nasal Conchae

A

Three conchae in the
nasal cavity
– Superior and middle are
part of the ethmoid
bone
* Inferior nasal concha
is a separate bone
– Largest of the three

40
Q

The Vomer

A
  • Inferior half of the
    nasal septum
    – Superior half formed
    by perpendicular
    plate of ethmoid
  • Supports cartilage
    that forms the
    anterior part of the
    nasal septum
41
Q

The Mandible

A

Strongest bone of the skull
– Only bone of skull that moves
noticeably
– Supports lower teeth
* Provides attachments for
muscles of facial expression
and mastication

42
Q

The Mandible: Mental symphysis

A

median cartilaginous joint in
fetus
– Develops as two separate
bones in fetus
– Ossifies in early childhood

43
Q

The Mandible: mental protuberance

A

Mental protuberance—
point of chin

44
Q

The Mandible: Two major parts on each
side
– Body:
- Ramus:

A

Body: supports teeth
– Ramus: articulates with
cranium

45
Q

The Mandible: * Angle

A

where body and ramus meet
Has:
* Alveolar processes
between teeth
* Mental foramen—permits
passage of nerves and BVs

46
Q

The Mandible: Condylar process

A

bears the
mandibular condyle—oval
knob that articulates with the
mandibular fossa of the
temporal bone forming the
hinge temporomandibular
joint (TMJ)

47
Q

The Mandible: coronoid process

A

point of
insertion of temporalis muscle

48
Q

The Mandible: Mandible Foramen

A

nerves supply lower teeth

49
Q

Auditory ossicles

A

3 in each middle-ear cavity
– Malleus, incus, and stapes bones

50
Q

bones associated with the skull: Hyoid bone

A

Hyoid bone
– Slender U-shaped bone
between the chin and larynx
– Does not articulate with any
other bone
– Suspended from styloid
process of skull by muscle and
ligament
– Fractured hyoid bone is
evidence of strangulation

51
Q

The skull in infancy and childhood: fontanels

A

Fontanels—spaces between
unfused bones
– Filled with fibrous membrane
– Allow shifting of bones during
birth and growth of brain
– Anterior, posterior,
sphenoid (anterolateral), and
mastoid (posterolateral)
fontanels

52
Q

two frontal bones fused by age

A

6
metopic suture

53
Q

skull reaches adult size by age ___ ___ years old.

A

eight 9 years old

54
Q

Vertebral Column
* Functions

A

– Supports the skull and trunk
– Allows for their movement
– Protects the spinal cord
– Absorbs stress of walking,
running, and lifting
– Provides attachments for
limbs, thoracic cage, and
postural muscles

55
Q

Vertebral column is composed of

A

33 vertebrae with
intervertebral discs of
fibrocartilage between
most of them

56
Q

Adult vertebral column
averages

A

71 cm

57
Q

– Intervertebral discs
account for about

A

onequarter of its length

58
Q

Person is ___ shorter when
in bed

A

1 percent

59
Q

In the adult vertebrate compression

A

squeezes
water out during the day
and absorbs water when
compression is removed
during sleep

60
Q

Five vertebral groups

A

– 7 cervical in the neck
– 12 thoracic in the chest
– 5 lumbar in lower back
– 5 fused sacral at base
of spine
– 4 fused coccygeal

61
Q

Variations in number of
lumbar and sacral
vertebrae occur

A

yes 1 in 20

62
Q

true or false: Spine exhibits one
continuous C-shaped
curve at birth

A

true

63
Q

what is the c shaped spine exhibition at birth called

A

primary curvature

64
Q

S-shaped vertebral column
with four normal
curvatures

A

– Cervical
– Thoracic
– Lumbar
– Pelvic

65
Q

Primary curvatures of the vertebral column

A

Present at birth
Thoracic and pelvic curvatures

66
Q

Secondary curvatures of the vertebral column

A

Secondary curvatures—develop later
– Cervical and lumbar
– Lifting head as it begins to crawl develops cervical
curvature
– Walking upright develops lumbar curvature

67
Q

Abnormal Spinal Curvatures: causes

A

From disease, paralysis of trunk
muscles, poor posture,
pregnancy, or congenital defect

68
Q

Abnormal spinal curvatures: types

A

kyphosis, scoliosis, lordosis

69
Q

Scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral
curvature
– Most common
– Usually in thoracic region
– Particularly of adolescent girls
– Developmental abnormality in
which the body and arch fail to
develop on one side of the
vertebrae

70
Q

Kyphosis (hunchback)—

A

exaggerated thoracic
curvature
– Usually from osteoporosis, also osteomalacia or spinal
tuberculosis, or wrestling or weight lifting in young boys

71
Q

Lordosis (swayback)

A

exaggerated lumbar
curvature
– From pregnancy or obesity

72
Q

1) Adds resonance to the voice
2) Lined by mucous membrane and air filled
3) Lighten the anterior portion of the skull

A

Functions of paranasal sinuses

73
Q

Development of sesamoid bones (patella), 2) wormian bones in sutures, 3) stress forming bones in tendons in response to sutures.

A

Number of bones varies with

Human Physiology and Anatomy (2 decks)

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