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Human Physiology and Anatomy > Skeleteal System > Flashcards

Skeleteal System Flashcards

1
Q

Axial Skeleton - tan

A

– Forms central
supporting axis of the
body
– Skull, vertebrae,
sternum, ribs,
sacrum, and hyoid

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2
Q

Appendicular
skeleton colored
green

A

Upper extremity limbs
Lower extremity limbs
– Pelvic girdle

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3
Q

Number of bones

A

270 bones at birth, decreases with fusion
– 206 in typical adult skeleton

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4
Q

Ridges, spines, bumps, depressions, canals, pores, slits,
cavities, and articular surfaces

A

Examples of markings on the surface of the skull

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5
Q

Skull has ___ bones. Joined together by _____. ( _____).
The most ____ part of the skeleton.

A

22 bones joined together by sutures (immovable
joints)
the most complex part of the skeleton

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6
Q

(5) Other cavities in the skull

A

1) nasal
2) Paranasal sinuses
3) inner and middle ear
4) Oral
5) Orbits

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7
Q

of cranial bones surround cranial cavity -
encloses brain

A

8

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8
Q

Types of Paranasal sinuses of the skull and its functions

A

1) frontal, 2) sphenoid, 3) ethmoid,
and 4) maxillary

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9
Q

foramina of the skull

A

holes that allow passage for
blood vessels and nerves

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10
Q

Facial bones support

A

support facial, teeth, and jaw muscles

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11
Q

Parietal bones form most of the ____ roof and part of the ____ roofs ______ walls.

A

form most of the cranial roof and part of the cranial roofs lateral walls

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12
Q

Parietal bones: Bordered by four sutures

A

1)Sagittal: between parietal
bones
2)Coronal: at anterior margin
3) Lambdoid: at posterior
margin
4) Squamous: at lateral border

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13
Q

Parietal bones: Two temporal lines serve as _____

A

attachment of the temporalis
muscle

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14
Q

The Temporal Bones: Petrous Part

A

Part of cranial floor
* Separates middle cranial fossa from
posterior cranial fossa
* Houses middle- and inner ear cavities
* Receptors for hearing and
balance
—opening for CN VII
(vestibulocochlear nerve)

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15
Q

The Occipital Bone is found in the ______

A

Rear and base of skull

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16
Q

The Occipital Bone: Foramen Magnum holds

A

spinal
cord

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17
Q

The Occipital Bone: Basilar part

A

thick median plate

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18
Q

Condylar canal is posterior to each

A

occipital condyle

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19
Q

The Occipital Bone: Hypoglossal canal

A

Hypoglossal canal transmits
hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
supplying tongue muscles

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20
Q

The external occipital
protuberance is associated with the?

A

nuchal
ligament

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21
Q

The Occipital Bone: Superior and inferior nuchal
lines

A

mark neck muscles

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22
Q

The Ethmoid Bone:

A

Anterior cranial bones
located between the
eyes
* Contributes to medial
wall of orbit
* Lateral walls and roof of
nasal cavity, and nasal
septum
* Three major portions of
this porous, delicate
bone
* Perpendicular plate
forms superior two-thirds
of nasal septum

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23
Q

The Ethmoid Bone: Cribriform plate

A

forms roof of nasal cavity
– Crista galli: attachment point for meninges

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24
Q

The Ethmoid Bone: Labyrinth

A

large mass on each side of perpendicular plate
– Ethmoidal cells make up the ethmoid sinus
– Orbital plate

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25
The Ethmoid Bone: Superior and middle nasal conchae
scroll-like plates project into the nasal fossa
26
The Ethmoid Bone: Inferior nasal concha
separate bone
27
The Ethmoid Bone: Three conchae
Occupy most of the nasal cavity, create turbulence of airflow, humidify air before it reaches the lungs.
28
Facial bones
—those that have no direct contact with the brain or meninges – Support the teeth – Give shape and individuality to the face – Form part of the orbital and nasal cavities – Provide attachments for muscles of facial expression and mastication
29
14 facial bones
2 maxillae 2 nasal bones 2 palatine bones 2 inferior nasal conchae 2 zygomatic bones 1 vomer 2 lacrimal bones 1 mandible
30
The Maxillae
Largest facial bones * Forms upper jaw and meets at median intermaxillary suture Forms inferomedial wall of orbit – Infraorbital foramen – Inferior orbital fissure
31
Alveolar processes:
bony points between teeth
32
Alveolus:
sockets that hold teeth
33
The Maxillae: Forms most of the hard palate
– Palatine process – Palate: forms roof of mouth and floor of nasal cavity – Palate allows us to chew while breathing – Cleft palate and cleft lip
34
Maxillary sinus
fills maxillae bone larger in volume than frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid sinuses
35
The Palatine Bones
L-shaped bone * Form the posterior portion of the hard palate * Part of lateral nasal cavity wall * Part of the orbital floor * Greater palatine foramina
36
The Zygomatic Bones
* Forms angles of the cheekbones and part of lateral orbital wall * Zygomaticofacial foramen * Zygomatic arch is formed from temporal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone
37
The Lacrimal Bones
* Form part of medial wall of each orbit * Smallest bone of skull * Lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac in life – Tears collect in lacrimal sac and drain into nasal cavity
38
The Nasal Bones
Forms bridge of nose * Supports cartilages that shape lower portion of the nose * Often fractured by blow to the nose
39
The Inferior Nasal Conchae
Three conchae in the nasal cavity – Superior and middle are part of the ethmoid bone * Inferior nasal concha is a separate bone – Largest of the three
40
The Vomer
* Inferior half of the nasal septum – Superior half formed by perpendicular plate of ethmoid * Supports cartilage that forms the anterior part of the nasal septum
41
The Mandible
Strongest bone of the skull – Only bone of skull that moves noticeably – Supports lower teeth * Provides attachments for muscles of facial expression and mastication
42
The Mandible: Mental symphysis
median cartilaginous joint in fetus – Develops as two separate bones in fetus – Ossifies in early childhood
43
The Mandible: mental protuberance
Mental protuberance— point of chin
44
The Mandible: Two major parts on each side – Body: - Ramus:
Body: supports teeth – Ramus: articulates with cranium
45
The Mandible: * Angle
where body and ramus meet Has: * Alveolar processes between teeth * Mental foramen—permits passage of nerves and BVs
46
The Mandible: Condylar process
bears the mandibular condyle—oval knob that articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone forming the hinge temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
47
The Mandible: coronoid process
point of insertion of temporalis muscle
48
The Mandible: Mandible Foramen
nerves supply lower teeth
49
Auditory ossicles
3 in each middle-ear cavity – Malleus, incus, and stapes bones
50
bones associated with the skull: Hyoid bone
Hyoid bone – Slender U-shaped bone between the chin and larynx – Does not articulate with any other bone – Suspended from styloid process of skull by muscle and ligament – Fractured hyoid bone is evidence of strangulation
51
The skull in infancy and childhood: fontanels
Fontanels—spaces between unfused bones – Filled with fibrous membrane – Allow shifting of bones during birth and growth of brain – Anterior, posterior, sphenoid (anterolateral), and mastoid (posterolateral) fontanels
52
two frontal bones fused by age
6 metopic suture
53
skull reaches adult size by age ___ ___ years old.
eight 9 years old
54
Vertebral Column * Functions
– Supports the skull and trunk – Allows for their movement – Protects the spinal cord – Absorbs stress of walking, running, and lifting – Provides attachments for limbs, thoracic cage, and postural muscles
55
Vertebral column is composed of
33 vertebrae with intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage between most of them
56
Adult vertebral column averages
71 cm
57
– Intervertebral discs account for about
onequarter of its length
58
Person is ___ shorter when in bed
1 percent
59
In the adult vertebrate compression
squeezes water out during the day and absorbs water when compression is removed during sleep
60
Five vertebral groups
– 7 cervical in the neck – 12 thoracic in the chest – 5 lumbar in lower back – 5 fused sacral at base of spine – 4 fused coccygeal
61
Variations in number of lumbar and sacral vertebrae occur
yes 1 in 20
62
true or false: Spine exhibits one continuous C-shaped curve at birth
true
63
what is the c shaped spine exhibition at birth called
primary curvature
64
S-shaped vertebral column with four normal curvatures
– Cervical – Thoracic – Lumbar – Pelvic
65
Primary curvatures of the vertebral column
Present at birth Thoracic and pelvic curvatures
66
Secondary curvatures of the vertebral column
Secondary curvatures—develop later – Cervical and lumbar – Lifting head as it begins to crawl develops cervical curvature – Walking upright develops lumbar curvature
67
Abnormal Spinal Curvatures: causes
From disease, paralysis of trunk muscles, poor posture, pregnancy, or congenital defect
68
Abnormal spinal curvatures: types
kyphosis, scoliosis, lordosis
69
Scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature – Most common – Usually in thoracic region – Particularly of adolescent girls – Developmental abnormality in which the body and arch fail to develop on one side of the vertebrae
70
Kyphosis (hunchback)—
exaggerated thoracic curvature – Usually from osteoporosis, also osteomalacia or spinal tuberculosis, or wrestling or weight lifting in young boys
71
Lordosis (swayback)
exaggerated lumbar curvature – From pregnancy or obesity
72
1) Adds resonance to the voice 2) Lined by mucous membrane and air filled 3) Lighten the anterior portion of the skull
Functions of paranasal sinuses
73
Development of sesamoid bones (patella), 2) wormian bones in sutures, 3) stress forming bones in tendons in response to sutures.
Number of bones varies with

Human Physiology and Anatomy (2 decks)

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