Skeletal System Part 2 - Ghelsey Go Flashcards
What are the subdivisions of the skeleton?
Axial and Appendicular
What are the functions of the Axial Skeleton?
serves as the framework for support and protection of vital organs and the spinal cord
What are the functions of the Appendicular Skeleton?
provides shape to arms & legs; facilitates movement
What is a function of the Axial Skeleton that is required to live?
provides surface area for the attachment of muscles that help you breath
What does the vertebral column consist of?
7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, a sacrum, and a coccyx
What is C1?
Atlas: holds up the head and allows the “yes” head movement
What is C2?
Axis: allows the “no” head movement
What is the Odontoid Process (Dens)?
it is a projection of the axis that projects up toward the atlas
What does the body of cervical vertebrae look like?
relatively small, oval, and concave
What is unique about the cervical vertebrae?
stumpy and notched (tip) spinous process, transverse process has transverse foramina
Why does the cervical vertebrae have transverse foramina?
to protect the blood vessels that go to and from the brain
What does the body of thoracic vertebrae look like?
heart-shaped
What is unique about the thoracic vertebrae?
long and thin spinous process that points inferiorly & costal facets that articulate with the ribs
What does the body of lumbar vertebrae look like?
larger, thicker, more oval
What is unique about the lumbar vertebrae?
they have a massive & stumpy spinous process and a blade-like transverse process
What is the sacrum? (characteristics and functions)
5 fused vertebrae that protect organs in the pelvic cavity
What is the coccyx? (characteristics and functions)
3-5 fused vertebrae that provides attachment for muscles of the anal opening
What are primary curves?
they are vertebral curves that are present at birth; projects posteriorly (think fetal position)
What do primary curves include? (area)
thoracic and sacral curves
What are secondary curves?
vertebral curves that develop several months after birth; projects anteriorly
What do secondary curves include? (area)
cervical and lumbar curves
How many of each type of rib is there?
7 pairs of true ribs & 5 pairs of false ribs (includes the 2 pairs of floating ribs)
What are true ribs?
Vertebrosternal ribs –> has costal cartilage that directly connects to the sternum
Where are the bones of the ear and what are they called?
Auditory Ossicles found in the middle ear
What is the tissue found between cranial bones at birth?
connective tissue called fontanelles
What is the purpose of fontanelles?
they allow for the brain and skull to grow; allow for easier delivery of the head during child birth
What are the three parts of the sternum?
manubrium (articulates with clavicle), body (long), xiphoid process (inferior tip)
How many cranial bones are there?
8
How many facial bones are there?
14
What are all the cranial bones?
frontal (1), parietal (2), occipital (1), temporal (2), sphenoid (1), ethmoid (1)
What are all the facial bones?
zygomatic (2), maxillae (2), mandible (1), nasal (2), vomer (1), palatine (2), lacrimal (2), nasal conchae (2)
What does the frontal bone form?
forehead and the roof of eye sockets
Where are the parietal bones? What do they form?
posterior to frontal bone; form the roof of the cranium
What does the occipital bone form?
the posterior, inferior part of the cranium
Where are the temporal bones?
on either side of the cranium and zygomatic arches
What is the sphenoid bone? What does it form?
forms the floor of the cranium; is the bridge between facial and cranial bones
Where is the ethmoid? What does it form?
anterior to sphenoid; forms part of cranial floor, medial surfaces of orbits, and roof & sides of nasal cavity
What is the zygomatic?
cheekbone
What does the maxillae form?
the floor and medial sides of the rim of the eye sockets, the walls of the nasal cavity, and the anterior roof of the mouth
Which facial bones does the maxillae articulate with?
every facial bone except mandible
What is the mandible?
lower jawbone
What does the vomer form? What does it articulate with?
forms part of the nasal septum; articulates with palatine bones
What do the palatine bones form?
the roof of the mouth
What do the nasal bones form?
the bridge of the nose
What is the lacrimal bone?
tear duct bone
Where are the nasal conchae?
they project from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
What is the Hyoid bone? What is so special about it?
a small, u-shaped bone in the neck; only bone that does not directly articulate with any other bone
What is the styloid process?
giant-looking fangs found on the inferior surface of the temporal bone
What is the mastoid process?
“knob” behind ear; important for muscle attachment
What is the external acoustic meatus?
earhole (to put it in simple words)
What forms the zygomatic arch?
temporal process of the zygomatic & zygomatic process of the temporal bone
What are the paranasal sinuses?
frontal (1 pair), ethmoidal (3 pairs), maxillary (1 pair), sphenoidal (1 pair)
Where is the frontal sinus?
superior to the orbit and within the frontal bone
Where are the ethmoidal sinuses?
between the eyes, on either side of the septum
Where is the maxillary sinus?
in the maxillae, on either side of the nasal cavity
What are carpals?
wrist bones
What do metacarpals form?
the palm
What are the 3 types of phalanges? Where is each?
proximal phalanges (section closest to palm), middle phalanges (middle section), distal phalanges (tip of fingers)
What is special about the thumb?
pollex only has proximal and distal phalanges
What is the pectoral girdle made up of?
clavicle and scapula
What does the pectoral girdle connect?
the upper limb to the trunk
What is the pelvic girdle made up of?
two coxal (hip) bones
What does the pelvic girdle attach to?
firmly attached to axial skeleton (via sacrum at sacroiliac joints); femurs via acetabulum
How does the pelvic girdle compare to the pectoral girdle?
pelvic girdle is much more massive
What are diarthrotic joints?
freely movable joints
What are synovial joints?
joints with the most range of motion; diarthrosis; usually found at end of long bones
What is a joint capsule?
a fibrous capsule that surrounds synovial joints and improves its stability; inner surfaces are lined with synovial membrane
What is a symphysis?
an amphiarthrotic and cartilaginous joint; connects bone through a fibrocartilage pad
What is an example of a symphysis?
pubic symphysis
What is the purpose of a fat pad?
for cushion in synovial joints
What is a bursa? What is it’s purpose?
packets of connective tissue that contain synovial fluid; serves as a friction reducer and shock absorber
What is the purpose of articular cartilage?
covers the end of each long bone to reduce friction in joints
What is the purpose of menisci?
acts as additional padding in synovial joints
What is the function of tendons?
connects muscle to bone and facilitates movement around a joint
What is the function of ligaments?
connects bone to bone; stabilizes joint; ensures that the bones in the joint don’t twist too much or move too far apart and become dislocated
What are the different types of joints (structure & function) and what do they mean?
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial, synarthrosis (no movement), amphiarthrosis (some movement), diarthrosis (greatest range of motion)
What is a suture?
a fibrous connection with interlocked bony surfaces (synarthrosis); ex –> skull bones
What is a gomphosis?
a fibrous connection with insertion into a bony socket (synarthrosis); ex –> teeth
What is a syndesmosis?
connection through ligament (fibrous & amphiarthrosis); ex –> tibia & fibula
What is a synchondrosis?
interposition of a cartilage plate (synarthrosis); ex –> first ribs & sternum + epiphyseal cartilage
What are the types of synovial joints?
gliding, pivot, ball & socket, hinge, condylar, saddle
What is a gliding joint?
flat/slightly curved surfaces; slight movement (ex: manubrium & clavicle)
What movement does a pivot joint allow?
only allows rotation (ex: turning head)
What movement does a hinge joint alllow?
only allows angular movement in one direction (ex: ulna & humerus)
What is a ball & socket joint?
a rounded head nesting in a cup-shaped depression; allows angular, rotational, and circumduction movement (ex: shoulder)
What is a condylar joint?
a joint where an oval surface rests in a depression in the other bone; allows angular motion in two planes (ex: scaphoid & radius)
What is a saddle joint?
when two bones that each have a concave face on one axis and a convex face on the other; allows circumduction (ex: thumb)
What are the angular movements?
flexion, extension. hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
What is flexion?
a decrease in the angle of two long bones
What is a extension?
an increase in the angle of two long bones
What is a hyperextension?
an extension that goes beyond anatomical position
What is an abduction?
moving a limb away from midline
What is an adduction?
moving a limb toward midline
What is circumduction?
the movement of a limb in a loop
What are the rotational joint movements?
rotation, supination, pronation
What is a pronation?
when palm is anterior then turned to posterior
What is supination?
when palm is posterior then turned to anterior
What are the special joint movements?
inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, opposition, reposition, elevation, depression, lateral flexion
What is inversion?
twisting the sole of the foot inward
What is eversion?
twisting the sole of the foot outward
What is dorsiflexion?
elevating the sole of the ankle, keeping heel down
What is plantar flexion?
pointing of toes
What is opposition?
moving thumb toward the palm to grasp
What is reposition?
returning from opposition
What is elevation & depression?
moving a structure up and down (ex: opening and closing jaw)
What is lateral flexion?
bending of the vertebral column to the side
What are the parts of a vertebra?
vertebral body, vertebral foramina, pedicles (walls), laminae (roofs), spinous process, transverse process, articular process
What are examples of sports injuries relation to the skeletal system?
torn acl & meniscus, tendonitis, fractures, dislocations
What is a process?
any projection or bump
What is a trochanter?
a large, rough projection
What is a tuberosity?
a smaller, rough projection
What is a tubercle?
a small, rounded projection
What is a crest?
a prominent ridge
What is a head?
the expanded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by a neck
What is a neck?
a narrow connection between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
What is a condyle?
a smooth, rounded articular process
What is a trochlea?
a smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pullery
What is a facet?
a small, smooth articular surface
