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Anatomy Per 1 Ghelsey Go > Skeletal System Part 2 - Ghelsey Go > Flashcards

Skeletal System Part 2 - Ghelsey Go Flashcards

1
Q

What are the subdivisions of the skeleton?

A

Axial and Appendicular

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2
Q

What are the functions of the Axial Skeleton?

A

serves as the framework for support and protection of vital organs and the spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the functions of the Appendicular Skeleton?

A

provides shape to arms & legs; facilitates movement

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4
Q

What is a function of the Axial Skeleton that is required to live?

A

provides surface area for the attachment of muscles that help you breath

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5
Q

What does the vertebral column consist of?

A

7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, a sacrum, and a coccyx

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6
Q

What is C1?

A

Atlas: holds up the head and allows the “yes” head movement

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7
Q

What is C2?

A

Axis: allows the “no” head movement

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8
Q

What is the Odontoid Process (Dens)?

A

it is a projection of the axis that projects up toward the atlas

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9
Q

What does the body of cervical vertebrae look like?

A

relatively small, oval, and concave

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10
Q

What is unique about the cervical vertebrae?

A

stumpy and notched (tip) spinous process, transverse process has transverse foramina

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11
Q

Why does the cervical vertebrae have transverse foramina?

A

to protect the blood vessels that go to and from the brain

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12
Q

What does the body of thoracic vertebrae look like?

A

heart-shaped

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13
Q

What is unique about the thoracic vertebrae?

A

long and thin spinous process that points inferiorly & costal facets that articulate with the ribs

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14
Q

What does the body of lumbar vertebrae look like?

A

larger, thicker, more oval

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15
Q

What is unique about the lumbar vertebrae?

A

they have a massive & stumpy spinous process and a blade-like transverse process

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16
Q

What is the sacrum? (characteristics and functions)

A

5 fused vertebrae that protect organs in the pelvic cavity

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17
Q

What is the coccyx? (characteristics and functions)

A

3-5 fused vertebrae that provides attachment for muscles of the anal opening

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18
Q

What are primary curves?

A

they are vertebral curves that are present at birth; projects posteriorly (think fetal position)

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19
Q

What do primary curves include? (area)

A

thoracic and sacral curves

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20
Q

What are secondary curves?

A

vertebral curves that develop several months after birth; projects anteriorly

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21
Q

What do secondary curves include? (area)

A

cervical and lumbar curves

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22
Q

How many of each type of rib is there?

A

7 pairs of true ribs & 5 pairs of false ribs (includes the 2 pairs of floating ribs)

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23
Q

What are true ribs?

A

Vertebrosternal ribs –> has costal cartilage that directly connects to the sternum

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24
Q

Where are the bones of the ear and what are they called?

A

Auditory Ossicles found in the middle ear

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25
Q

What is the tissue found between cranial bones at birth?

A

connective tissue called fontanelles

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26
Q

What is the purpose of fontanelles?

A

they allow for the brain and skull to grow; allow for easier delivery of the head during child birth

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27
Q

What are the three parts of the sternum?

A

manubrium (articulates with clavicle), body (long), xiphoid process (inferior tip)

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28
Q

How many cranial bones are there?

A

8

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29
Q

How many facial bones are there?

A

14

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30
Q

What are all the cranial bones?

A

frontal (1), parietal (2), occipital (1), temporal (2), sphenoid (1), ethmoid (1)

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31
Q

What are all the facial bones?

A

zygomatic (2), maxillae (2), mandible (1), nasal (2), vomer (1), palatine (2), lacrimal (2), nasal conchae (2)

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32
Q

What does the frontal bone form?

A

forehead and the roof of eye sockets

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33
Q

Where are the parietal bones? What do they form?

A

posterior to frontal bone; form the roof of the cranium

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34
Q

What does the occipital bone form?

A

the posterior, inferior part of the cranium

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35
Q

Where are the temporal bones?

A

on either side of the cranium and zygomatic arches

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36
Q

What is the sphenoid bone? What does it form?

A

forms the floor of the cranium; is the bridge between facial and cranial bones

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37
Q

Where is the ethmoid? What does it form?

A

anterior to sphenoid; forms part of cranial floor, medial surfaces of orbits, and roof & sides of nasal cavity

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38
Q

What is the zygomatic?

A

cheekbone

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39
Q

What does the maxillae form?

A

the floor and medial sides of the rim of the eye sockets, the walls of the nasal cavity, and the anterior roof of the mouth

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40
Q

Which facial bones does the maxillae articulate with?

A

every facial bone except mandible

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41
Q

What is the mandible?

A

lower jawbone

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42
Q

What does the vomer form? What does it articulate with?

A

forms part of the nasal septum; articulates with palatine bones

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43
Q

What do the palatine bones form?

A

the roof of the mouth

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44
Q

What do the nasal bones form?

A

the bridge of the nose

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45
Q

What is the lacrimal bone?

A

tear duct bone

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46
Q

Where are the nasal conchae?

A

they project from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

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47
Q

What is the Hyoid bone? What is so special about it?

A

a small, u-shaped bone in the neck; only bone that does not directly articulate with any other bone

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48
Q

What is the styloid process?

A

giant-looking fangs found on the inferior surface of the temporal bone

49
Q

What is the mastoid process?

A

“knob” behind ear; important for muscle attachment

50
Q

What is the external acoustic meatus?

A

earhole (to put it in simple words)

51
Q

What forms the zygomatic arch?

A

temporal process of the zygomatic & zygomatic process of the temporal bone

52
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

frontal (1 pair), ethmoidal (3 pairs), maxillary (1 pair), sphenoidal (1 pair)

53
Q

Where is the frontal sinus?

A

superior to the orbit and within the frontal bone

54
Q

Where are the ethmoidal sinuses?

A

between the eyes, on either side of the septum

55
Q

Where is the maxillary sinus?

A

in the maxillae, on either side of the nasal cavity

56
Q

What are carpals?

A

wrist bones

57
Q

What do metacarpals form?

A

the palm

58
Q

What are the 3 types of phalanges? Where is each?

A

proximal phalanges (section closest to palm), middle phalanges (middle section), distal phalanges (tip of fingers)

59
Q

What is special about the thumb?

A

pollex only has proximal and distal phalanges

60
Q

What is the pectoral girdle made up of?

A

clavicle and scapula

61
Q

What does the pectoral girdle connect?

A

the upper limb to the trunk

62
Q

What is the pelvic girdle made up of?

A

two coxal (hip) bones

63
Q

What does the pelvic girdle attach to?

A

firmly attached to axial skeleton (via sacrum at sacroiliac joints); femurs via acetabulum

64
Q

How does the pelvic girdle compare to the pectoral girdle?

A

pelvic girdle is much more massive

65
Q

What are diarthrotic joints?

A

freely movable joints

66
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

joints with the most range of motion; diarthrosis; usually found at end of long bones

67
Q

What is a joint capsule?

A

a fibrous capsule that surrounds synovial joints and improves its stability; inner surfaces are lined with synovial membrane

68
Q

What is a symphysis?

A

an amphiarthrotic and cartilaginous joint; connects bone through a fibrocartilage pad

69
Q

What is an example of a symphysis?

A

pubic symphysis

70
Q

What is the purpose of a fat pad?

A

for cushion in synovial joints

71
Q

What is a bursa? What is it’s purpose?

A

packets of connective tissue that contain synovial fluid; serves as a friction reducer and shock absorber

72
Q

What is the purpose of articular cartilage?

A

covers the end of each long bone to reduce friction in joints

73
Q

What is the purpose of menisci?

A

acts as additional padding in synovial joints

74
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A

connects muscle to bone and facilitates movement around a joint

75
Q

What is the function of ligaments?

A

connects bone to bone; stabilizes joint; ensures that the bones in the joint don’t twist too much or move too far apart and become dislocated

76
Q

What are the different types of joints (structure & function) and what do they mean?

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial, synarthrosis (no movement), amphiarthrosis (some movement), diarthrosis (greatest range of motion)

77
Q

What is a suture?

A

a fibrous connection with interlocked bony surfaces (synarthrosis); ex –> skull bones

78
Q

What is a gomphosis?

A

a fibrous connection with insertion into a bony socket (synarthrosis); ex –> teeth

79
Q

What is a syndesmosis?

A

connection through ligament (fibrous & amphiarthrosis); ex –> tibia & fibula

80
Q

What is a synchondrosis?

A

interposition of a cartilage plate (synarthrosis); ex –> first ribs & sternum + epiphyseal cartilage

81
Q

What are the types of synovial joints?

A

gliding, pivot, ball & socket, hinge, condylar, saddle

82
Q

What is a gliding joint?

A

flat/slightly curved surfaces; slight movement (ex: manubrium & clavicle)

83
Q

What movement does a pivot joint allow?

A

only allows rotation (ex: turning head)

84
Q

What movement does a hinge joint alllow?

A

only allows angular movement in one direction (ex: ulna & humerus)

85
Q

What is a ball & socket joint?

A

a rounded head nesting in a cup-shaped depression; allows angular, rotational, and circumduction movement (ex: shoulder)

86
Q

What is a condylar joint?

A

a joint where an oval surface rests in a depression in the other bone; allows angular motion in two planes (ex: scaphoid & radius)

87
Q

What is a saddle joint?

A

when two bones that each have a concave face on one axis and a convex face on the other; allows circumduction (ex: thumb)

88
Q

What are the angular movements?

A

flexion, extension. hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction

89
Q

What is flexion?

A

a decrease in the angle of two long bones

90
Q

What is a extension?

A

an increase in the angle of two long bones

91
Q

What is a hyperextension?

A

an extension that goes beyond anatomical position

92
Q

What is an abduction?

A

moving a limb away from midline

93
Q

What is an adduction?

A

moving a limb toward midline

94
Q

What is circumduction?

A

the movement of a limb in a loop

95
Q

What are the rotational joint movements?

A

rotation, supination, pronation

96
Q

What is a pronation?

A

when palm is anterior then turned to posterior

97
Q

What is supination?

A

when palm is posterior then turned to anterior

98
Q

What are the special joint movements?

A

inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, opposition, reposition, elevation, depression, lateral flexion

99
Q

What is inversion?

A

twisting the sole of the foot inward

100
Q

What is eversion?

A

twisting the sole of the foot outward

101
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

elevating the sole of the ankle, keeping heel down

102
Q

What is plantar flexion?

A

pointing of toes

103
Q

What is opposition?

A

moving thumb toward the palm to grasp

104
Q

What is reposition?

A

returning from opposition

105
Q

What is elevation & depression?

A

moving a structure up and down (ex: opening and closing jaw)

106
Q

What is lateral flexion?

A

bending of the vertebral column to the side

107
Q

What are the parts of a vertebra?

A

vertebral body, vertebral foramina, pedicles (walls), laminae (roofs), spinous process, transverse process, articular process

108
Q

What are examples of sports injuries relation to the skeletal system?

A

torn acl & meniscus, tendonitis, fractures, dislocations

109
Q

What is a process?

A

any projection or bump

110
Q

What is a trochanter?

A

a large, rough projection

111
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

a smaller, rough projection

112
Q

What is a tubercle?

A

a small, rounded projection

113
Q

What is a crest?

A

a prominent ridge

114
Q

What is a head?

A

the expanded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by a neck

115
Q

What is a neck?

A

a narrow connection between the epiphysis and the diaphysis

116
Q

What is a condyle?

A

a smooth, rounded articular process

117
Q

What is a trochlea?

A

a smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pullery

118
Q

What is a facet?

A

a small, smooth articular surface

Anatomy Per 1 Ghelsey Go (1 decks)

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