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Anatomy > Skeletal System - midterm 2 > Flashcards

Skeletal System - midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical position

A

feet, face & palms forward

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2
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the skeletal system

A

1) Axial Skeleton (80 bones)
2) Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones)
= 206 bones in total

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3
Q

what does the Axial skeleton include? (4)

A
  • skull
  • hyoid bone
  • vertebral column
  • thoracic cage (sternum + ribs)
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4
Q

what does the Appendicular skeleton include? (4)

A
  • limbs + bones that attach them to axial skeleton (girdles)
  • pectoral girdle
  • pelvic girdle
  • upper limb (arm, forearm, hand)
  • lower limb (thigh, leg, foot)
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5
Q

what are the 3 main bone groupings of the skull?

A

a) cranium- 8 bones (next to brain)
b) facial bones- 14
c) auditory ossicles- 6 (3 bones on each side in the middle of ears)

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6
Q

Parts of the Cranium: (6 bone names but 8 in total)

A
  • 1 frontal (forehead)
  • 2 parietal (middle)
  • 2 temporal
  • 1 sphenoid in front of temple by eye)
  • 1 ethmoid (forms superior + middle nasal conchae)
  • 1 occipital (back bottom)
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7
Q

Facial bones: ( 8 bones but 14 in total)

A
  • 2 nasal
  • 2 maxillae
  • 2 zygomatic
  • 2 lacrimal
  • 2 palatine
  • 2 inferior nasal conchae
  • 1 vomer
  • 1 mandible
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8
Q

Auditory ossicles: (3)

A
  • incus
  • malleus
  • stapes
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9
Q

Hyoid Bone

A
  • no articulations (joints/connections to other bones)

- attaches muscles of tongue and neck, assists in swallowing

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10
Q

what 5 regions is Vertebral Column separated into? (26 in total)

A
  • Cervical (7) breakfast
  • Thoracic (12) lunch
  • Lumbar (5) dinner
  • Sacrum (1)
  • Coccyx (1)
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11
Q

Typical vertebral structure (8)

A
  • body = thick anterior portion
  • spinous process (1) = median posterior projection
  • transverse process (2) = lateral bony projections for muscle attachment
  • lamina (2) = connects the two processes
  • pedicle (2) = connects body to transverse process
  • vertebral foramen - hole for spinal cord
  • superior + inferior articular facets = articulate with vertebrae above and below
  • intervertebral foramina - exit for spinal nerves
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12
Q

Cervical (C1-C7) vertebrae characteristics

A
  • C1, C2 = atypical
  • C3-C7 = typical
  • C1 = atlas > no body, no spinous process > articulates with occipital condyle of skull (allows nodding ‘yes’ motion)
  • C2 = axis > dens (= odontoid process) > pivot joint around which atlas swivels (allows shaking ‘no’ motion)
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13
Q

Thoracic (T1-T12) vertebrae characteristics

A

ALL articulate with ribs via costal facets

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14
Q

Lumbar (L1-L5) vertebrae characteristics

A
  • support upper body weight

- ALL have large bodies & rectangular spinous processes

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15
Q

Sacrum vertebrae characteristics

A
  • = 5 fused vertebrae

- articulates with ilium (appendicular skeleton) and 5th lumbar vertebra (L5)

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16
Q

Coccyx vertebrae characteristics

A
  • = 3-5 fused vertebrae, usually 4

- = tailbone

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17
Q

Curvature of spinal column:

A

a) cervical + lumbar
- curved convex anteriorly = concave posteriorly
b) thoracic + sacrum
- curved concave anteriorly = convex posteriorly

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18
Q

Abnormal curvature: (3)

A

a) scoliosis - spinal column curves laterally
b) kyphosis - exaggerated thoracic curve (hunchback)
c) lardosis - axaggerated lumbar curve (swayback)

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19
Q

Thoracic Cage consists of: (2)

A 
a) sternum (breast bone)
3 parts: 
i) manubrium - superior
ii) body - middle
iii) xiphoid process - inferior

b) ribs
- 12 pairs total (articulate posteriorly with T1-T12)
-7 pairs = true ribs
> attach directly to sternum via coastal cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
- 5 pairs = false ribs
> attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage (8-10) or not at all = floating ribs (11, 12 - embedded in muscle)

20
Q

Pectoral Girdle (upper limb girdle) parts: (2)

A

a) clavicle (collarbone)
- articulates with sternum (manubrium) & scapula (acrimony process)
- connects axial & appendicular skeletons
b) scapula
- spine (on posterior)
- acromion process- articulates with clavicle
- glenoid fossa/cavity- articulates head of humerus
- coracoid process- attaches muscles for arm and chest

21
Q

Pelvic Girdle (lower limb girdle)

A
  • composed of 2 os coxae (hip bones) each with 3 bones:
    a) ilium - articulates with sacrum
    b) ischium - most inferior part = ischial tuberosity
    c) pubis - left and right joined by pubic symphysis
  • joints:
    a) pubic symphysis
    b) sacroiliac join - sacrum + ilium
    c) acetabulum - articulates with head of femur > all 3 bones of os coxa join here
22
Q

Upper limb (in anatomical position) includes: (5)

A

a) humerus
b) radius (lateral) / ulna (medial)
c) carpals (8) = wrist
b) metacarpals (5) = palm
c) phalanges (14) = digits (fingers)
* note: all are LONG bones expect for carpals

23
Q

Lower Limb (in anatomical position) includes: (6)

A

a) femer
b) patella (knee cap)
c) tibia (medial) / fibula (lateral)
d) tarsals (7)
> talus - articulates with tibia
> calcaneus = heal bone
e) metatarsals (5) = sole
f) phalanges (14) = digets (toes)
* note: all are LONG bones except petal and tarsals

24
Q

Long bone components: (8)

A

1) diaphysis
2) epiphyses
3) epiphyseal plate
4) epiphyseal line
5) medullary cavity
6) periosteum
7) endosteum
8) articular cartilage

25
Q

Diaphysis (long bone component)

A

1) diaphysis - shafts (body)

26
Q

Epiphyses (long bone component)

A

2) epiphyses - proximal and distal extremities

27
Q

Epiphyseal plate (long bone component)

A

3) epiphyseal plate
> hyaline cartilage
> used for bone growth (length)

28
Q

Epiphyseal line (long body component)

A

4) epiphyseal line
> replaces plate with bone when growth completed
> plate/line - where the diaphysis and epiphyses meet

29
Q

Meduallary cavity (long bone component)

A

5) medullary cavity

> red marrow in child, yellow marrow in adult

30
Q

Periosteum (long bone component)

A

6) periosteum
> external surface
> 2 layers of connective tissue - outer = dense irregular
- inner = mainly osteoblasts + osteoclasts
> allows bone to grow in diameter

31
Q

Endosteum (long bone component)

A

lines medullary cavity AND canals (contains osteoblasts + osteoclasts)

32
Q

Aritcular cartilage (long bone component)

A
  • hyaline (only at articulation bones)

- prevents friction between bones (no periosteum here)

33
Q

Bone consists of: (2)

A

a) Cells-
i) osteoblasts
ii) osteocytes
iii) osteoclasts
b) Matrix-
i) ground substance > hydroxyapatite = insoluble Ca2+ phosphate salts (strength)
ii) collagen fibers (flexibility)
iii) water

34
Q

what are the 2 types of bone

A
  1. compact 2. spongy
35
Q

Compact bone:

A
  • covers external surfaces of ALL bones
    structure:
  • composed of osteons
  • each osteon contains:
    i) lamellae- concentric circles of matrix
    ii) lacunae (with osteocytes)- between lamellae (space within matrix where osteocytes live)
    iii) canaliculi- small channels that connect osteocytes to blood supply and to each other
    iv) central canal - contains blood vessels and nerves
  • lined with endosteum
    v) perforating canal - perpendicular to central canal
  • carry blood supply from periosteum to central canals and medullary cavity
36
Q

Spongy bone

A

structure:
- NO osteons
- have trabeculae (irregularly arranged lamellae)
- canaliculi connect osteocytes in lacunae
- found in:
>flat & irregular bone (eg. skull, ribs, vertebrae)
>long bones-epiphyses, lining medullary cavity
- spaces contain bone marrow
> red marrow produces blood cells

37
Q

Cartilage (CT)

A 
Hyaline cartilage
structure:
a) chondrocytes in lacunae
b) matrix:
i. shiny ground substance contains chondroitin sulphate + hyaluronic acid
ii. collagen fibres
iii. water
c) non-vascular
38
Q

What are articullations/joints?

A

point of contact between 2 or more bones

39
Q

what are the 2 classes of articulations/joints?

A

structural & functional

40
Q

Structural classifications of joins are based on

A
  • presence/absence of joint cavity

- type of CT

41
Q

types of structural joints: (3)

A
  1. fibrous
  2. cartilaginous
  3. synovial
42
Q

Fibrous structural joints:

A
  • no joint cavity
  • fibrous CT
  • eg. sutures in skull (fontanels in a newborn)
43
Q

Cartilaginous structural joints:

A
  • no joint cavity
  • cartilage attaches bones
  • eg. pubic synthesis, costal cartilages of ribs
44
Q

Synovial structural joints:

A
  • eg. shoulder, elbow, hip, knee
    structure:
  • articular cartilage (hyaline)
  • joint cavity > contains synovial fluid
  • articular/joint capsule
    > outer layer = fibrous capsule [attaches to periosteum, may have ligaments within (capsule = thickened) or separate]
    > inner layer = synovial membrane (CT only) > secretes synovial fluid
45
Q

types of synovial structural joints: (4)

A
  • grouped according to shape of articulating bones
    i) plane/gliding
  • flat surfaces
  • eg. sacroiliac
    ii) hinge
  • concave/convex surfaces
  • eg. elbow, knee
    iii) pivot
  • projection in ring
  • eg. dens (on axis) in atlas
    iv) ball & socket
  • great freedom of movement
  • eg. humerous in glenoid fossa
  • eg. femur in acetabulum
46
Q

Functional Classification (physiological) articulations/joints

A

based on:

- degree of movement

47
Q

Types of functional joints (3)

A

a) Synarthrotic
- immovable
- eg. skull sutures
b) Amphiarthrotic
- slightly moveable
- eg. pubic symphysis
c) Diarthrotic
- freely moveable
- eg. hip, shoulder

Anatomy (6 decks)

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