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Anatomy & Physiology (including BIO-318) > Skeletal System (highschool) > Flashcards

Skeletal System (highschool) Flashcards

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1
Q

The process by which blood cells are formed is classifed as what?

A

hemopoiesis

(hemo = blood; poie = making)

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2
Q

What term fits the following definition?:

A small depression or space; in bone or cartilage, lacunae are occupied by cells here

A

lacuna

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3
Q

What is a large multinuclear cell associated with physiologic bone destruction, reabsorption and remodeling called?

A

osteoclast

(osteon = bone)

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4
Q

What are five functions the skeleton provides to the body?

A
  • support (body framework)
  • movement (muscle attachment to skeleton; movable joints)
  • protection (for vital internal organs)
  • mineral reservoir (storage of certain minerals)
  • hemopoiesis (production of blood cells)
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5
Q

What are the four classifications of bones?

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones
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6
Q

Long bones can be described as..

A
  • long axis (longer than they are wide)
  • ex: most bones of upper and lower limbs
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7
Q

Most bones of upper and lower limbs are classifed as what out of the four types of bones?

A

long bones

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8
Q

Short bones can be described as..

A
  • lacks long axis
  • ex: carpals, tarsals
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9
Q

Flat bones can be described as..

A
  • thin bones
  • ex: ribs
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10
Q

Irregular bones can be described as..

A
  • bones that do not fit the other 3 categories
  • ex: vertebrae, pelvic girdles
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11
Q

Apart of the four different classifications of bones..

Which classification describes the following?:
* long axis (longer than they are wide)
* ex: most bones of upper and lower limbs

A

long bones

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12
Q

Apart of the four different classifications of bones..

Which classification describes the following?:
* lacks long axis
* ex: carpals, tarsals

A

short bones

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13
Q

Apart of the four different classifications of bones..

Which classification describes the following?:
* thin bones
* ex: ribs

A

flat bones

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14
Q

Apart of the four different classifications of bones..

Which classification describes the following?:
* bones that do not fit the other 3 categories
* ex: vertebrae, pelvic girdles

A

irregular bones

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15
Q

A typical long bone has a shaft, what is that shaft called?

A

diaphysis

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16
Q

A typical long bone has two ends which fall under two different terms, what are these two terms called?

A
  • proximal epiphyses
  • distal epiphyses
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17
Q

Fill the blank for the following:

The diaphysis is formed of a hollow cylinder of ____________ that surrounds a ____________.

A
  • compact bone
  • medullary cavity
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18
Q

In a typical long bone, the place used as a fat storage site is called what?

A

[the] medullary cavity

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19
Q

The medullary cavity can also be called..?

A

[the] yellow bone marrow cavity

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20
Q

What thin connective tissue layer lines the yellow bone marrow cavity (medullary cavity)?

A

[the] endosteum

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21
Q

The outer surfaces of the epiphyses are also formed of what bone?

A

compact bone

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22
Q

What interconnecting plates fill the central regions of the epiphyses?

A

spongy (cancellous) bone

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23
Q

What lines the cavities between the bony plates of spongy bones?

A

[the] endosteum

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24
Q

In some certain bones, what kind of marrow is contained within the spongy bone in the epiphyses?

A

red bone marrow

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25
Q

In children and young adults, what separates the diaphysis and epiphysis?

A

an epiphyseal cartilage (or plate)

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26
Q

An epiphyseal cartilage (or plate), present in children and young adults, helps provide what?

A

length

(helps the bone to increase in length)

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27
Q

In adults, what happens to the epiphyseal cartilage (or plate) when skeletal growth has been completed?

A
  • replaced by bone
  • uniting the epiphysis with the rest of the bone
  • bony junction is now called the epiphyseal line
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28
Q

What is not present in a flat bone?

A

there is no medullary cavity

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29
Q

A flat bone is formed of a special kind of spongy bone called a what?

A

diploe

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30
Q

Diploe in a flat bone is sandwiched between wo surface layers, what comprises these two surface layers?

A

compact bone

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31
Q

Diploe is spongy bone that contains what?

A

red marrow

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32
Q

Bones are covered with a double layer of dense connective tissue, what is this double layer of dense connective tissue called?

A

[the] periosteum

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33
Q

In joints where the bone is covered with an articular cartilage, what is not present?

A

there is no periosteum

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34
Q

The outer layer of the periosteum is well supplied with what two things?

A
  • blood vessels
  • nerves

(some of which enter the bone)

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35
Q

The inner layer of the periosteum is anchored to the bone by collagenous bundles that pentrate the bone, what are these collagenous bundles called?

A

sharpey’s fibers

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36
Q

Under a microscope, compact bone is seen to be composed of many organized systems of interconneting canals. The unit of structure of adult compact bone is called the what?

A

[the] haversian system (osteon)

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37
Q

In compact bone, what does each haversian system contain?

A

a central haversian canal

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38
Q

What surrounds the haversian canal in each haversian system?

A

lamellae (layers of bone)

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39
Q

Small cavities are located between adjaent lamellae in a haversian system, what are these small cavities called?

A

lacunae

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40
Q

What kind of cell is contained In each lacuna (lacunae)?

A

[an] osteocyte

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41
Q

The tiny canals that help interconnect all lacunae within each haversian system is called what?

A

canaliculi

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42
Q

What is contained in each haversian canal, that helps provide a source of nutrients, and a means of waste removal, for osteocytes in lacunae?

A

[at least one] blood capillary

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43
Q

Blood vessels, as well as lymph vessels and nerves, enter and leave the marrow cavity by means of what canals (that penetrate the bone from the surface & communicate with the marrow cavity)?

A

nutrient canals

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44
Q

Blood vessels from the canals (nutrient canals) reach the haversian canals through what kind of canals (tha run at right angles [horizontal] to the haversian canals)?

A

volkmann’s canals

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45
Q

At the external surface of a bone, just beneath the periosteum (connected to sharpeys fibers) are what kind of lamellae that follow the circumference of the shaft rather than surrounding a haversian canal?

A

circumferential lamellae

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46
Q

What’s the difference between regular lamellae and circumferential lamellae?

A
  • regular lamellae surround haversian canals
  • circumferential lamellae surround or follow the circumference of the shaft
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47
Q

Up close in a microscope, what is the difference between spongy bone and compact bone?

A
  • spongy bone is less organized compared to compact bone

lamaellae are not arranged in layers but rather in various of directions

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48
Q

The intercellular substance of a tissue (like bone) can be called what?

A

[the] matrix

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49
Q

What is the intercellular substance (matrix) of bone composed of?

A
  • an organic framework (collagenous fibers)
  • inorganic salts (calcium & phosphate)
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50
Q

The organic framework which is one of the two main components in the matrix of the bone, is formed by what (similar to those found within other connective tissues)?

A

collagenous fibers (surrounding the fibers is a homogenous ground substance)

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51
Q

What are the inorganic salts of bone composed principally of?

A
  • calcium
  • phosphate
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52
Q

The collagenous fibers in the bone provide what to the bone?

A

great tensile strength (resistance to breaking under tension)

(capable of resisting streching and twisting)

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53
Q

The inorganic salts found in bone provide what for the bone?

A

allow the bone to withstand compression

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54
Q

What two main components make the bones in our body exceptionally strong without being brittle?

A
  • collagenous fibers
  • inorganic salts
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55
Q

The skeleton develops by the transformation of what into bone?

A

embryonic connective tissues

56
Q

Under early development of bone:

What process occurs when embryonic connective tissue cells (specifically, mesodermal cells), that are transformed into bone, are undifferentiated?

A

intramembranous ossification

57
Q

Under early development of bone:

What process occurs when embryonic connective tissue cells (specifically, mesodermal cells) transform into cartilage-producing cells before bone formation begins?

A

endochondral (intracartilaginous) ossification

58
Q

What is the main difference that occurs between intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification?

A

the specific tissue that is replaced in each process
* endochondral - starts out as (hyaline) cartilage then replaced by bone
* intramembranous - starts out as (mesenchymal) connective tissue (undifferentiated) then replaced by bone

59
Q

What is the first step in intramembranous ossification?

A

undifferentiated (mesenchymal) connective tissue cells gather together and begin to differentiate
* some into capillaries, others into osteogenic cells that later become osteoblasts

60
Q

Although they will ultimately be spread out by the formation of bone tissue, early osteoblasts appear in a cluster. What is this cluster called?

A

[an] ossification center

61
Q

Osteoblasts secrete an uncalcified matrix consisting of collagen precursors and other organic proteins, which calcifies (hardens) within a few days as mineral salts (such as calcium) are deposited on it. What is this uncalcified matrix called?

A

osteoid

62
Q

Osteoblasts secrete osteoid, uncalcified matrix consisting of collagen precursors and other organic proteins, which calcifies (hardens) within a few days as mineral salts (such as calcium) are deposited on it. What happens as a result from this calcification?

A

Osteoblasts become trapped within lacunae

mineral salts like calcium bind with osteoid causing calcification

63
Q

What happens after osteoblasts become trapped within lacunae?

A

their activity slows, and they become mature bone cells called osteocytes

64
Q

Osteoblasts that slow in activity and become mature bone cells begin to be classified as what?

A

osteocytes

65
Q

Well-developed spicules of bone are known as what?

A

trabeculae

66
Q

Fill in the blank for the following:

The trabeculae radiate in all directions, uniting with one another to form a network of ____________.

A

spongy bone

67
Q

Trabeculae unit with one another to create a network of spongy bone. However, in areas that will eventually form compact bone, what does the trabeculae do?

A

the trabeculae continue to thicken as osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix in layers around the trabeculae
* spaces between the trabeculae are narrowed and replaced with bone (immature compact bone)

68
Q

During intramembranous ossification..

Several clusters of osteoid unite around the capillaries to form a special matrix, what is this special matrix called?

A

[a] trabecular matrix
* spongy bone

69
Q

During intramembranous ossification..

The blood vessels that are surrounded by trabecular matrix (spongy bone), eventually form what?

A

red bone marrow

70
Q

Undifferentiated (mesenchymal) connective tissue collect on the external surfaces of the bone forming a membrane. What is this membrane called?

A

[the] periosteum

71
Q

Once the undifferentiated (mesenchymal) connective tissue form the periosteum, what happens next?

A

osteoblasts are created which begin forming (with osteoid) compact bone (superficial to spongy bone)

72
Q

What is the second stage in intramembranous ossification?

A

Osteoblasts become entrapped by the osteoid they secrete, transforming them to osteocytes

73
Q

What is the third stage in intramembranous ossification?

A

spongy bone and periosteum form

74
Q

What is the fourth stage in intramembranous ossification?

A

Compat bone forms superficially to the spongy bone

75
Q

What is the fifth and final stage in inramembranous ossification?

A

Blood vessels form the red marrow

76
Q

What bone cell helps break down or reabsorb previously laid down bone (bone tissue)?

A

osteoclasts

77
Q

Most bones form from what ossification?

A

endochondral ossification

78
Q

During endochondral ossification, a fibrous connective tissue membane surrounds the outside of the cartilage. What is this fibrous connectivetissue membrane called?

A

perichondrium

79
Q

What is the first stage in the endochondral ossification process?

A

perichondrium becomes periosteum
* differentiation occurs from new supplies of nutrients to undifferentiated (mesenchymal) connective tissue cells
* osteoblasts are created

80
Q

After osteoblasts are created, what happens next? (second part of the first stage in the endochondral ossification proces)

A

osteoblasts gather at diaphysis wall to form “bone collar”

81
Q

The place where the osteoblasts gather and form the “bone collar” is called what?

A

[the] primary ossification center

82
Q

The cells that were responsible for building the hyaline cartilage blue-print (cells responsible for cartilage formation) are called what?

A

chondrocytes

83
Q

The beginning of second stage in the Endochondra Ossification process:

Once the “bone collar” is formed, chondrocytes that remain in the central cavity do what?

A

chonodrocytes enlarge and send a signal to the surrounding cartilage (matrix) to calcify

84
Q

Why is the surrounding cartilage (matrix) calcified during the second stage of the Endochondral Ossification process?

A
  • makes the cells become impermeable to nutrients
  • causes cell death - making space
85
Q

Once calcified cartilage (matrix) begins to deteroriate, what happens next in the second stage of the Endochondral Ossification process?

A

[a] central clearing starts to form where cells died (still supported by “bone collar”)

86
Q

After a central clearing (space) forms during the second stage of the Endochondral Ossification process, what happens next?

A

healthy chondrocytes not in central cavity (towards distal ends of bone) continue producing cartilage matrix and helps with elongating (making it longer) the bone

87
Q

During the third stage of the Endochondral Ossification process, a new structure appears where central clearing (space) was, what is this new structure called?

A

[the] periosteal bud

88
Q

Once the periosteal bud appears during the third stage of the Endochondral Ossification process, what does the periosteal bud consist of?

A
  • an artery
  • vein
  • lymphatic vessels
  • nerves
  • osteogenic cells
89
Q

With the addition of new osteogenic cells in the periosteal bud, what is created from these osteogenic cells (or now osteoblasts)?

A

spongy bone

90
Q

With the addition of new osteogenic cells in the periosteal bud, what happens next in a result of these osteogenic cells (or now osteoclasts)?

A

osteoclasts begin to degrade cartilage matrix to make room for new spongy bone (deposited from the osteoblasts)

91
Q

After osteoblasts make most of the spongy bone in the primary ossification center, osteoclasts do what?

A

osteoclasts start breaking down newly formed spongy bone from center/very beginning where it first started
* making way for the beginning stages of the medullary cavity

92
Q

After medullary cavity is formed, cartilaginous growth now appears only in what part of the bone?

A

[the] epiphyses, bony epiphyseal plate starts to form, secondary ossification center appears!

93
Q

Once cartilaginous growth becomes limited to the epiphyses and the bony epiphyseal plates begin to form, what appears?

A

[a] secondary ossification center (on one or both of the ends)

94
Q

For the final stage of the endochondral ossification process, cartilage remainds only where?

A
  • on the bone surface
  • at epiphyseal plates
95
Q

After osteoblasts gather to make the periosteum, the cartilage of the diaphysis becomes encased by what?

A

compact bone (laid down by the cells of the periosteum)

96
Q

During the Endochondral Ossification process…

While osteoblasts are trying to form bone on the periphery of the diaphysis (“bone collar”), what happens to the cartilage cells within the diaphysis?

A

cartilage cells enlarge, same with lacunae surrounding the cells

97
Q

During the Endochondral Ossification process..

Once the cartilage cells and lacunae surrounding the cells become enlarged, the cartilage matrix that lies deep to the sit of the peripheral ossification becomes reduced to what?

A
  • thin partitions
  • spicules
98
Q

What happens to the cartilage matrix after enlargement of the cartilage cells within the diaphysis (along with their surrounding lacunae)?

A

Matrix begins to calcify, forming calcified cartilage
(makes diffusion of nutrients to cartilage cells impossible)

99
Q

What happens to the calcified cartilage in the diaphysis?

A

cartilage cells die and calcified matrix begins to degenerate, leaving spaces within the calcified cartilage matrix (still supported by “bone collar”)

100
Q

The place where the osteoblasts gather and form the “bone collar” is called what?

A

[the] primary ossification center

101
Q

By around the age of 25, what happens to the cartilage within the epiphyseal plate?

A
  • becomes completely replaced by bone
  • only an epiphyseal line remains & bones stop growing longer
102
Q

Once the cartilage within the epiphyseal plate becomes completely replaced by bone, what remains?

A

an epiphyseal line

103
Q

Once the cartilage within the epiphyseal plate becomes completely replaced by bone, what happens to the growth of the bone?

A

it stops growing (bones cannot grow any longer)

104
Q

Bone cells concetrate large quanitities of calcium and phosphate, in return, what can bones supply to the body?

A

cells can release calcium phosphate compounds
* help with regulation of calcium in the blood

105
Q

What does increased levels of the parathyroid hormone parathormone do to the bone?

A
  • increases amount and activity of osteoclasts
  • thus increasing the resorption of bone - releasing calcium ions from the bone into the blood (raising calcium level)
106
Q

What does increased levels of the hormone calcitonin do to the bone?

A
  • decreases resorptive activity of osteoclasts
  • lowers blood calcium level
  • may also stimulate the formation of new bone
107
Q

What two main hormones are involved in any remodeling of a bone?

A
  • parathormone
  • calcitonin
108
Q

Broken bones are referred to as what in anatomy?

A

fractures

109
Q

Under the five different kinds of fractures, which fits the following?:

The broken ends of the bone do not penetrate through the skin

A

simple fracture

110
Q

Under the five different kinds of fractures, which fits the following?:

The broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin

A

compound fracture

111
Q

Under the five different kinds of fractures, which fits the following?:

Rather than being broken in a single plane, the bone is splintered into many fragments at the site of the break

A

comminuted fracture

112
Q

Under the five different kinds of fractures, which fits the following?:

The broken region is pushed inward, as often occurs in fractures of the flat skull bones that form the roof over the brain

A

depressed fracture

113
Q

Under the five different kinds of fractures, which fits the following?:

The broken ends of the bone are driven into each other. Such fractures occur in falls in which the person lands on the ends of the bone.

A

impacted fracture

114
Q

The first initial repair that happens in healing a fracture is what?

A

begins with the formation of a blood clot called a procallus

115
Q

Once a procallus (blood clot) is formed, what invades the procallus?

A
  • connective tissue invades procallus
  • fibrocartilaginous callus replaces procallus
116
Q

What replaces the procallus when connective tissue invades the procallus?

A

fibrocartilaginous callus

117
Q

After the procallus is replaced with fibrocartilaginous (fibrous) callus, what replaces the fibrous callus?

A

bone (from cells in the periosteum)

118
Q

Where is yellow marrow found in the bone?

A

in the medullary cavity

(yellow marrow is associated with fat)

119
Q

What type of bone is arranged in conentric layers?

A

compact [bone]

120
Q

Where do you find red marrow?

A
  • cancellous (spongy) bone
121
Q

What is the end of the bone called?

A

epiphysis

122
Q

Spongy bone is also called..?

A

cancellous bone

123
Q

What cushions the ends of the bones at their joints?

A

articular cartilage

124
Q

What structure connects osteocytes?

A

canaliculi

125
Q

Osteocytes form rings called?

A

lamella

126
Q

What canal is found in the center of the rings (lamella)?

A

haversian canal

127
Q

Osteocytes are within chambers called?

A

lacuna

128
Q

What common condition is classified as the progressive loss of bone calcium that leads to increased bone brittleness and a marked inrease in bone fractures?

A

osteoporosis

129
Q

Osteoporosis is beleived to result from what?

A
  • a gradual reduction in the rate of bone formation (osteoblasts)
  • while the rate of bone absorption remains normal (osteoclasts)
130
Q

Forman can be described as a what?

A

[a] hole

131
Q

What three parts are apart of the axial skeleton?

A
  • [the] skull
  • vertebral column
  • thorax (ribs and sternum)
132
Q

What four parts are apart of the appendicular skeleton?

A
  • pectoral girdle
  • upper limbs
  • pelvic girdle
  • lower limbs
133
Q

How many bones are in the adult body?

A

206 [bones]

134
Q

What does the axial skeleton provide?

A
  • main axial support for the body
  • protects the central nervous system & organs of the thorax
135
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton provide?

A
  • supports the attachment and functions of the upper and lower limbs of the human body (helps with movement)
136
Q

All of the bones of the adult skull are joined together by immovable joints. What are these immovable joints called?

A

sultures

Anatomy & Physiology (including BIO-318) (2 decks)

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