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Bio chapter 7&8 skeletal system > skeletal system and bones > Flashcards

skeletal system and bones Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cartilage

A

supportive connective tissue with a flexible rubbery matrix (ends of long bones)

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2
Q

elastic cartilage

A

very flexible (external ear)

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3
Q

fibro cartilage

A

fibers give it great strength (intovebral discs)

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4
Q

how many bones in the body

A

206

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5
Q

axial skeleton

A

forms the log axis of the body. skull, vertebral column, rib cage. protects, supports and carries other body parts

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6
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

appendages. bones of upper and lower limbs, shoulder, hip bones. functions: locomotion and manipulation of environment.

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7
Q

functions of skeleton

A

support, protection,movement, mineral storage, hematopoiesis

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8
Q

hematopoiesis

A

blood formation in red bone marrow

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9
Q

Compact bone

A

dense outer layer that looks smooth and solid

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10
Q

spongy bone

A

arrangement of small needle like pieces called spicues

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11
Q

trabeculae

A

spaces filled with bone marrow

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12
Q

anatomy of long bone

A

diaphysis, epiphysis , epiphyseal line

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13
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft. medullary cavity with bone marrow LONG BONE

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14
Q

epiphysis

A

bone ends. compact bone (outside) spongy bone (inside) joint surface covered with articular cartilage (hyaline) LONG BONE

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15
Q

epephyseal line

A

between diaphysis and epiphysis, remnant of growth plate LONG BONE

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16
Q

endosteum

A

endo (within) osteo (bone) delicate connective tissue layer. covers trabecule of spongy bones in marrow cavities LONG BONE

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17
Q

periosteum

A

peri (around) osteo (bone) double layered membrane LONG BONE

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18
Q

fibrous

A

outer layer (collagen)

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19
Q

osteogenic layer

A

contains bone forming cells. makes bones

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20
Q

osteons

A

structural unit of compact bone BONE

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21
Q

central canal

A

small blood vessels and nerves that runs through each osteon BONE

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22
Q

perforating canals

A

connect blood supply of periostum to central canals and medullary cavity

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23
Q

osteocytes

A

bone cells that occupy lacunae (tiny cavities)

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24
Q

canaliculi

A

hair like canals that connect osteocytes within an osteon

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25
Q

lamelae

A

layer of matrix( stuff between cells ) within an osteon

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26
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone forming cells

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27
Q

osteoclasts

A

bone disolving cells

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28
Q

osteocytes (chemical composition

A

osteoblasts that have become trapped in matrix

29
Q

ostoid

A

various proteins including collagen secreted by osteoblasts

30
Q

the skeleton is made up of these three cartilages

A

hyaline, elastic, fibro

31
Q

ossification

A

bone formation

32
Q

intramembranous

A

within mesenchyme (loose connective tissue) forms lat bone:cranial and clavicle

33
Q

endochrondrial ossification

A

within hyaline cartilage, forms most bones

34
Q

mesenchymal

A

cells become osteogenic (bone stem cells ) to make it stronger

35
Q

spongy bone

A

blood vessels enter ossified area resulting in formation of spongy bone

36
Q

ossification begins at

A

primary ossification center (middle of cartilagious shaft of long bone)

37
Q

secondary ossification center

A

ends of bones

38
Q

mesenchyme develops into

A

hyaline cartilage

39
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

between primary and secondary marrow cavity and serves as a growth plate for bone elongation

40
Q

epiphyseal line

A

when the plate is gone, may be visible in some bones where the plate has been replaced by bone

41
Q

zones of the metaphysis ( know order )

A

transition from cartilage to bone

42
Q

appositional growth

A

bone growth in the diameter and thickness through growth of new tissue at the surface (growing in width )

43
Q

where does growth in the bone happen

A

periostium

44
Q

Growth hormone

A

acts on the epiphyseal plate to stimulate division of cartilage cells

45
Q

examples of homeostatic imbalences

A

giantism dwarfism

46
Q

thyroid hormone

A

modulate activity of cells in response to growth hormone to ensure proper proportions of the skeleton

47
Q

hormonal regulation of bone growth

A

calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

48
Q

calcitonin

A

secreted by thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are too high. reduced osteoclast activity increased osteoblast activity

49
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

sereted by paratyroid gland when blood calcium levels are too low. increased osteoclast activity, reduced osteoblast activity. less urinary calcium excretion

50
Q

calcitroiol

A

vitamin d3 promotes intestinal calcium absorbtion. reduced excretion of calcium in urine

51
Q

sex hormones

A

active at puberty. initial growth spurt (hormones stimulate osteoblasts) causes epiphyseal plate to close

52
Q

bone remodeling involve

A

lysosomal enzymes and metabolic acids

53
Q

lysosomal enzymes

A

digest organic matrix

54
Q

metabolic acids

A

release calcium and digest calcium salts

55
Q

hematoma

A

mas of clotted blood forms at the fracture site

56
Q

closed (simple)

A

completly internal

57
Q

open (compound)

A

bone ends penetrate the skin

58
Q

linear

A

break paralells the long axis of the bone

59
Q

transverse

A

break across the bone

60
Q

complete

A

bone is broken through

61
Q

greenstick break

A

found mostly in children one side of the shaft breaks and the other side bends

62
Q

homeostatic imbalences

A

diseases

63
Q

osteomalacia (rickets)

A

soft bone, inadequate minerlaization, pain when weight is applied bowed legs

64
Q

osteoporosis

A

bone reobsortion outpaces bone deposit

65
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal spinal curvature

66
Q

kyphosis

A

hunchback

67
Q

lordosis

A

swayback (pregnancy) reversable

68
Q

pagets disease

A

excessive bone formation and breakdown leading to weakend bones irregular filling of marrow cavities . some areas are stronger than others

Bio chapter 7&8 skeletal system (1 decks)

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