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Medical Science II > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many bones compose the adult skeleton?

A

206

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2
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Skull
Vertebral Column
Rib Cage
Laryngeal skeleton

Bones along body centre

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3
Q

Appendicular System

A

Pelvic & shoulder girdle

Limbs (Arms,hands,legs,foot)

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4
Q

What are the skeletal system functions?(6)

A

Supporting soft tissue & providing sites for attachment of skeletal muscles
Enable movement & postural control, together w/skeletal muscle
Storage of Ca2+ and K+
Protecting internal tissue (rib cage)
Red bone marrow producing red blood cells
Yellow bone marrow stores triglycerides aka fat

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5
Q

Which are the types of bones?

A

Flat bones in skull and ribs
Long bones in arms and legs
Short bones in wrists,ankles
Irregular shape in vertebra

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6
Q

How are flat bones structured?

A

2 outer layers of fairly tough flat material connected by spongy tissue arranged orthogonally to the flat compact layer surfaces

Allows for better protection of soft tissue in the skull and rib cages

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7
Q

Long Bones functionality

A

Hollow which makes them much lighter than otherwise but tough enough to achieve their function

Core of the bone used for yellow or red bone marrow

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8
Q

Bones Composition

A

Minerals improve rigidity. Without bone bendy
like rubber
Collagen adds flexibility. Without bone too brittle, would fracture more easily under physical stress
Optimal balance 60%-40% rigidity and flexibility

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9
Q

Long Bone Structure

A

(proximal)Epiphysis»Metaphysis»Diaphysis»Metaphysis»(distal)Epiphysis
hollow core=medular cavity

Epiphysis made of spongy/trabecular bone,covered in articular cartilage.
Diaphysis made of compact/cortical bone

Arteries enter medular cavity through foramen holes, nutrient arteries

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10
Q

Shaft cross sectional structure (inner to outter layers)

A

Medullary cavity ( w/ yellow bone marrow)&raquo_space; endosteum&raquo_space; compact bone&raquo_space; periosteum

Thin layers of connective tissue: endosteum,inner,it can be reabsorbed if malnourished, & periosteum,outer, is continuous w ligaments/tendons connecting to muscles.
Blood vessels pass from periosteum to the bone

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11
Q

Blood Tissue Cells/Histology

A

Osteogenic cell (mitosis able), stem cell, in periosteum & endosteum
Osteoblasts,build bone matrix (collagen>ossification)
Osteocytes, maintain bone tissue
Osteoclasts reabsorve bone using enzymes,multinuclear from fused osteocytes.

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12
Q

Bone Growth: Where in the bone?

A

In Epiphysis
Proliferation zone of cartilage in epiphyseal plate.
Older cartilage is ossified forming new bone.
New cartilage produced in proliferation zone increases bone length.

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13
Q

Bone Growth : How is it controlled?

A

Stimulated by sex hormones in children to young adults.
Epiphyseal plate degenerates after growth spurt in adolescence - bone growth stops

Once fully grown bone continues to remodel

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14
Q

Foetal Growth

A

Bones in foetus formed from cartilage.
Ossification begins w/ accumulation of minerals as Calcium deposits.
Osteoblasts then continue to calcify cartilage cells
As child grows osteocytes replace osteoblasts

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15
Q

How often do bones remodel?

A

3 years, constantly under mechanical stress so they wear out

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16
Q

Mechanical Stress Stimulus on bones?

A

Positive!
Exercise increases bone strength
Inactivity decreases it & can lead to osteoporosis, where bones become brittle and fragile

17
Q

Maintenance & remodelling:

Role of Calcium and Potassium?

A

Bone matrix formation.

WITHOUT IT?
soft,bendy bone

18
Q

Maintenance & remodelling:

Role of Vitamin C?

A

bone matrix development, collagen synthesis
If concentration drops certain level > repair inhibition

WITHOUT IT?
Retarded growth & repair

19
Q

Maintenance & remodelling:

Role of Magnesium & Vitamin A?

A

Required osteoblasts activity

WITHOUT IT?
bone poorly developed, bone stunting

20
Q

Maintenance & remodelling:

Role of Vitamin D?

A

Positive effect Calcium absorption from gut.
Poor concentration indirectly leads to retarted growth & soft bones.

WITHOUT IT?
children suffer from rickets - defective calcification, bone fracture

Adults suffer osteomalacia - bone softening

21
Q

Lack of ……. leads to retarde bone growth

A

Vitamin C

22
Q

Osteoblasts activity is affected by lack of …….

A

Magnesium and Vitamin A

23
Q

How is pre-puberty hormonal control maintained?

A

Human Growth Hormone from Anterior Pituitary Gland

Insulin Like Growth Hormone from bone and liver

24
Q

Hormonal Control Disfunctions

A

Oversecretion&raquo_space; gigantism

Undersecretary» dwarfism

25
Q

Describe bone repair process ( 4 steps )

A
  1. Hematoma(blood clot) forms, area swells up
  2. collagen fibres connect pieces of bone inside internal callus. (w/ new blood vessels growing to increase blood supply locally)
  3. osteoblasts form the Bony callus, made of spongy bone. Hematoma is by now reabsorbed
  4. New compact bone is formed, spongy bone is reabsorbed & new medullary cavity is created
26
Q

Red Marrow (function & where?)

A

Haematopoiesis: all blood cells formation except lymphocytes

Infants, nearly all bone marrow is red.
In medular cavity & spongy parts of long bones & in flat,short and irregular bones.

Adults, medular cavity of long bones contains now yellow bone marrow

27
Q

Yellow Marrow (function & where?)

A

Fat Storage
In Medullary cavities long bones!
Can turn into red marrow in cases of extreme blood loss.

28
Q

Abnormal Calcium concentration levels lead to ………. .

A

Ca2+&raquo_space;> ; (HIGH) non responsiveness of nerves, abnormal calcium deposits
Ca2+ «

29
Q

Calcium Regulation:

How body responds to low Ca2+?

A

Increase firing at parathyroid gland of PTH

  • Increases no. & activity osteoclasts
  • Decrease Calcium loss in urine
  • Increase Calcitrol ( related to Vitamin D) in kidney>bigger calcium absorption from gut

> > > > > Levels of Calcium back to normal

(PTH -parathyroid hormone)

30
Q

SKULL ANATOMY

A

Protect brain & provide attachment for facial & jaw muscles

Foraging enable blood vessels to enter bone core & build entry/exit for nerves

Babies sutures are moveable & meet at the fontanells. Allows frontal & parietal bones to move closer together.
In childbirth this allows skull to be slightly compressed without risk of fracture.

31
Q

SPINAL COLUMN ANATOMY

A

Protects spinal cord
Support of body weight, posture & allows articulation
Curvature helps absorb shock & vibrations caused by walking
Intervertebral foramina provide space for relative movements between neighbouring vertebra & entry/exit points for peripheral nerves

32
Q

RIB CAGE ANATOMY

A

Protects inner organs - heart & lungs, serve as attachments points for intercostal muscles that allow us to breathe

33
Q

LIMBS ANATOMY

A

Hands & feet are mainly irregular bones

Legs & arms long bones

34
Q

PECTORAL GIRDLE ANATOMY

A

*structural support for shoulder joints

35
Q

PELVIC GIRDLE ANATOMY

A
  • protection of reproductive & renal systems
  • structural support for leg joints
  • hips wider in females to support pregnancy & childbirth
36
Q

Types of Joints?(3)

A

Fibrous joints - skull sutures, between fibula and tibia, nails or teeth
Cartilaginous joints - ends of long bones, moveable, in intervertebral disks
Synovial joints -highly mobile, joint cavity holds bones within a fibrous capsule, in shoulders,knees,..

Medical Science II (3 decks)

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