Skeletal system Flashcards
Name the functions of the skeleton
- Support
- Levers
- Attachment
- Red blood cell production
- Mineral storage
- Weight bearing
- Protection
Support
- Allows the body to maintain its shape
- Allows you to stand erect because of the vertebral column
- Framework for muscle attachment
Levers
- The body has a number of lever systems that work with muscles to create movement
Attachment
- The skeleton provides essential muscle attachment of joints to create a range of movement
Protection
- Skeleton protects the body and vital organs from harm
- E.g. the ribs protect the heart and lungs
Red blood cell production
- Bone marrow produces red blood cells
Mineral storage
- Bones store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus
- They are released into the body when they are needed
Why do we need calcium in the bones?
For muscle contraction and bone repair
What happened when there is little phosphorus in the bones?
Can cause muscle fatigue and joint pain
Weight Bearing
- Bones ensure impact in the form of weight bearing
What are the classifications of bone?
- Long
- Short
- Irregular
- Flat
- Sesamoid
Identify the structure and function of long bones
Structure - Greater in length that width Function - Help absorb the stress of the body - Source of red blood cell production - Acts as levers for large movement and to generate more force on an object - E.g. Femur and Tibia
Identify the structure and function of short bones
Structure - Cube-shapes - Nearly equals in length and width Function - Weight bearing - Increase stability - Shock absorber
- E.g. wrist and ankle
Identify the structure and function of flat bones
Structure - Thin Function - Provides protection of vital organs - Area for muscle attachment -Produce blood cells in adults - E.g. Pelvis and sternum
Identify the structure and function of irregular bones
Structure - Complex shapes Function - Large surface area for muscle attachment - E.g. Vertebral column
Identify the structure and function of sesamoid bones
Structure - Inside tendon Function - Allows tendon to slide over the joint - Ease joint movement - E.g. Patella
Explain the role of the axial skeleton
- Bones in the body with the primary purpose of protection
- E.g. Cranium- Brain
Explain the role of the appendicular skeleton
- Bones within the body with the primary purpose of movement
- Limbs of the body
- E.g. Arms- Humerus, Radius
State the regions of the spine
- Cervical, 7
- Thoracic, 12
- Lumbar, 5
- Sacrum, 5
- Coccyx, 4
Define ossification
The process of bone growth and development
Define osteoblasts
The cells that helps to create new bone
Define osteoclasts
These cells break down bone tissue
Important for repair and maintainance
Identify the structural classification of joints, with an example of each
- Fibrous/ Fixed e.g Cranium
- Cartilaginous e.g between the lumbar vertebrae
- Synovial e.g joints between bones of the arms and legs
Identify the functional classic action of joints
Fibrous- Immovable
Cartilaginous- Slightly moveable
Synovial- Freely moveable
identify the structure of the articular/ hyaline cartilage
Glassy-smooth cartilage that is spongy
Covers the ends of the bone at the joint
identify the function of the articular/ hyaline cartilage
Prevent friction
Acts as a shock absorber
Protects bones from being crushed
identify the structure of the two-layered joint capsule
Outer layer is a tough fibrous layer called the fibrous capsule
Inner layer is the synovial membrane
Identify the function of the two-layered joint capsule
Strengthen the joints so that they don’t fall apart
Secrete synovial fluid
Identify the structure of the synovial fluid
A slippery fluid that is contained in the joint cavity
Identify the function of the synovial fluid
Reduce friction
Nourish the cartilage
Get rid of waste debris
Identify the structure of the ligament
Band of strong fibrous tissue
Identify the function of the ligament
Connects bone to bone
Identify the structure of the bursa
Fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane that had s thine film of synovial fluid
Identify the function of the bursa
Prevent friction where ligaments, muscles, tendons or bone may run together
Name the types of synovial joint
- Hinge
- Ball and socket
- Pivot
- Gliding
- Condyloid
- Saddle
Ball and socket
Ball shaped head that articulates with a cup-like socket
Allows the greatest range of movement
Hinge
Cylindrical protrusion of one bone articulate on a trough like depression of the adjacent bone
Movement is restricted to bending and straightening only
Pivot
Pointed or concave structure of one bone articulates with a ring- shaped structure of an adjacent bone
Movement is restricted to one bone rotating on a longitudinal axis
Condyloid
Similar to ball and socket
Flatter oval articulating surfaces forming a shallower joint
Allows second greatest range of movement
Gliding
Articulating surfaces are flat and the same size
Allows limited amount of gliding motion in all directions
Saddle
Articulating surfaces shaped like saddle and both have concave and convex areas
Allows a degree of movement in most directions
State the different movement patterns
- Flexion and extension
- Horizontal flexion and extension
- Adduction and abduction
- Plantar flexion and dorsi flexion
- Rotation
- Circumduction
- Supination and pronation
- Lateral flexion
Describe flexion and extension
Flexion - closing the angle at a joint e.g. flexion at the knee
Extension - opening up the angle at a joint
Describe horizontal flexion/ extension
Horizontal flexion- arm parallel to the ground and the shoulder joint moving toward the middle of the body
Horizontal extension- arm is parallel to the ground and moving away from the middle of the body
Describe addiction and abduction
Adduction- body part moves towards the midline of the body
Abduction- body part moves away from the midline of the body
Describe rotation
When a body part turns about it’s long axis from the anatomical position
Describe supination and pronation
Supination- palms facing forwards or upwards
Pronation- palms facing backwards or downwards
Unique to the radio-ulnar joint
Describe circumduction
The joint stays still while the furthest end of the body part moves in a circle
Describe dorsi/ plantarflexion
Dorsiflexion- movement towards the Tibia
Plantarflexion- movement away from the Tibia
State the responses of the skeletal system within the joint
- Reduction in viscosity of the synovial fluid
2. Increase in pliability of the ligaments
Responses of the skeletal system to exercise
- Stimulates the increase in mineral uptake in bones
2. Stimulates production of collagen, due to increased stress on the bones
State the adaptations of the skeletal system
- Stronger bones/ bone density increases due to increased mineral content
- Increases stretch of ligament, reduce risk of dislocation
- Increased thickness of articular cartilage, protects the ends of bones from wear and tear
What are some factors that effect the skeletal system?
- Arthritis
- Osteoporosis
- Age
Describe arthritis
Wear and tear of cartilage
Describe osteoporosis
Lack of bone density
This could be increased through weight bearing exercises
Describe how age could effect the skeletal system
Bones are growing and repairing
Children should avoid resistance training as it can lead to damage and stunted growth
What is a neutral spine?
Good posture/ straight
What are the main two types of postural deviation?
- Kyphosis
2. Scoliosis
Describe kyphosis
Hunchback appearance
Excessive outward curve of the spine
Often caused by bad posture
Describe scoliosis
Curvature of the spine to the left or right
This is a genetic condition
