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BTEC Level 3 National Foundation Diploma in Sport > Skeletal system > Flashcards

Skeletal system Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the functions of the skeleton

A
  1. Support
  2. Levers
  3. Attachment
  4. Red blood cell production
  5. Mineral storage
  6. Weight bearing
  7. Protection
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2
Q

Support

A
  • Allows the body to maintain its shape
  • Allows you to stand erect because of the vertebral column
  • Framework for muscle attachment
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3
Q

Levers

A
  • The body has a number of lever systems that work with muscles to create movement
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4
Q

Attachment

A
  • The skeleton provides essential muscle attachment of joints to create a range of movement
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5
Q

Protection

A
  • Skeleton protects the body and vital organs from harm

- E.g. the ribs protect the heart and lungs

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6
Q

Red blood cell production

A
  • Bone marrow produces red blood cells
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7
Q

Mineral storage

A
  • Bones store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus

- They are released into the body when they are needed

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8
Q

Why do we need calcium in the bones?

A

For muscle contraction and bone repair

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9
Q

What happened when there is little phosphorus in the bones?

A

Can cause muscle fatigue and joint pain

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10
Q

Weight Bearing

A
  • Bones ensure impact in the form of weight bearing
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11
Q

What are the classifications of bone?

A
  1. Long
  2. Short
  3. Irregular
  4. Flat
  5. Sesamoid
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12
Q

Identify the structure and function of long bones

A 
Structure
- Greater in length that width
Function 
- Help absorb the stress of the body 
- Source of red blood cell production 
- Acts as levers for large movement and to generate more force on an object 
- E.g. Femur and Tibia
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13
Q

Identify the structure and function of short bones

A 
Structure 
- Cube-shapes 
- Nearly equals in length and width 
Function
- Weight bearing 
- Increase stability 
- Shock absorber
  • E.g. wrist and ankle
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14
Q

Identify the structure and function of flat bones

A 
Structure 
- Thin 
Function
- Provides protection of vital organs 
- Area for muscle attachment 
-Produce blood cells in adults 
- E.g. Pelvis and sternum
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15
Q

Identify the structure and function of irregular bones

A 
Structure 
- Complex shapes 
Function 
- Large surface area for muscle attachment 
- E.g. Vertebral column
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16
Q

Identify the structure and function of sesamoid bones

A 
Structure 
- Inside tendon 
Function 
- Allows tendon to slide over the joint 
- Ease joint movement 
- E.g. Patella
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17
Q

Explain the role of the axial skeleton

A
  • Bones in the body with the primary purpose of protection

- E.g. Cranium- Brain

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18
Q

Explain the role of the appendicular skeleton

A
  • Bones within the body with the primary purpose of movement
  • Limbs of the body
  • E.g. Arms- Humerus, Radius
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19
Q

State the regions of the spine

A
  1. Cervical, 7
  2. Thoracic, 12
  3. Lumbar, 5
  4. Sacrum, 5
  5. Coccyx, 4
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20
Q

Define ossification

A

The process of bone growth and development

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21
Q

Define osteoblasts

A

The cells that helps to create new bone

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22
Q

Define osteoclasts

A

These cells break down bone tissue

Important for repair and maintainance

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23
Q

Identify the structural classification of joints, with an example of each

A
  1. Fibrous/ Fixed e.g Cranium
  2. Cartilaginous e.g between the lumbar vertebrae
  3. Synovial e.g joints between bones of the arms and legs
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24
Q

Identify the functional classic action of joints

A

Fibrous- Immovable
Cartilaginous- Slightly moveable
Synovial- Freely moveable

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25
Q

identify the structure of the articular/ hyaline cartilage

A

Glassy-smooth cartilage that is spongy

Covers the ends of the bone at the joint

26
Q

identify the function of the articular/ hyaline cartilage

A

Prevent friction
Acts as a shock absorber
Protects bones from being crushed

27
Q

identify the structure of the two-layered joint capsule

A

Outer layer is a tough fibrous layer called the fibrous capsule
Inner layer is the synovial membrane

28
Q

Identify the function of the two-layered joint capsule

A

Strengthen the joints so that they don’t fall apart

Secrete synovial fluid

29
Q

Identify the structure of the synovial fluid

A

A slippery fluid that is contained in the joint cavity

30
Q

Identify the function of the synovial fluid

A

Reduce friction
Nourish the cartilage
Get rid of waste debris

31
Q

Identify the structure of the ligament

A

Band of strong fibrous tissue

32
Q

Identify the function of the ligament

A

Connects bone to bone

33
Q

Identify the structure of the bursa

A

Fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane that had s thine film of synovial fluid

34
Q

Identify the function of the bursa

A

Prevent friction where ligaments, muscles, tendons or bone may run together

35
Q

Name the types of synovial joint

A
  1. Hinge
  2. Ball and socket
  3. Pivot
  4. Gliding
  5. Condyloid
  6. Saddle
36
Q

Ball and socket

A

Ball shaped head that articulates with a cup-like socket

Allows the greatest range of movement

37
Q

Hinge

A

Cylindrical protrusion of one bone articulate on a trough like depression of the adjacent bone
Movement is restricted to bending and straightening only

38
Q

Pivot

A

Pointed or concave structure of one bone articulates with a ring- shaped structure of an adjacent bone
Movement is restricted to one bone rotating on a longitudinal axis

39
Q

Condyloid

A

Similar to ball and socket
Flatter oval articulating surfaces forming a shallower joint
Allows second greatest range of movement

40
Q

Gliding

A

Articulating surfaces are flat and the same size

Allows limited amount of gliding motion in all directions

41
Q

Saddle

A

Articulating surfaces shaped like saddle and both have concave and convex areas
Allows a degree of movement in most directions

42
Q

State the different movement patterns

A
  1. Flexion and extension
  2. Horizontal flexion and extension
  3. Adduction and abduction
  4. Plantar flexion and dorsi flexion
  5. Rotation
  6. Circumduction
  7. Supination and pronation
  8. Lateral flexion
43
Q

Describe flexion and extension

A

Flexion - closing the angle at a joint e.g. flexion at the knee
Extension - opening up the angle at a joint

44
Q

Describe horizontal flexion/ extension

A

Horizontal flexion- arm parallel to the ground and the shoulder joint moving toward the middle of the body
Horizontal extension- arm is parallel to the ground and moving away from the middle of the body

45
Q

Describe addiction and abduction

A

Adduction- body part moves towards the midline of the body

Abduction- body part moves away from the midline of the body

46
Q

Describe rotation

A

When a body part turns about it’s long axis from the anatomical position

47
Q

Describe supination and pronation

A

Supination- palms facing forwards or upwards
Pronation- palms facing backwards or downwards
Unique to the radio-ulnar joint

48
Q

Describe circumduction

A

The joint stays still while the furthest end of the body part moves in a circle

49
Q

Describe dorsi/ plantarflexion

A

Dorsiflexion- movement towards the Tibia

Plantarflexion- movement away from the Tibia

50
Q

State the responses of the skeletal system within the joint

A
  1. Reduction in viscosity of the synovial fluid

2. Increase in pliability of the ligaments

51
Q

Responses of the skeletal system to exercise

A
  1. Stimulates the increase in mineral uptake in bones

2. Stimulates production of collagen, due to increased stress on the bones

52
Q

State the adaptations of the skeletal system

A
  1. Stronger bones/ bone density increases due to increased mineral content
  2. Increases stretch of ligament, reduce risk of dislocation
  3. Increased thickness of articular cartilage, protects the ends of bones from wear and tear
53
Q

What are some factors that effect the skeletal system?

A
  • Arthritis
  • Osteoporosis
  • Age
54
Q

Describe arthritis

A

Wear and tear of cartilage

55
Q

Describe osteoporosis

A

Lack of bone density

This could be increased through weight bearing exercises

56
Q

Describe how age could effect the skeletal system

A

Bones are growing and repairing

Children should avoid resistance training as it can lead to damage and stunted growth

57
Q

What is a neutral spine?

A

Good posture/ straight

58
Q

What are the main two types of postural deviation?

A
  1. Kyphosis

2. Scoliosis

59
Q

Describe kyphosis

A

Hunchback appearance
Excessive outward curve of the spine
Often caused by bad posture

60
Q

Describe scoliosis

A

Curvature of the spine to the left or right

This is a genetic condition

BTEC Level 3 National Foundation Diploma in Sport (1 decks)

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