Skeletal System Flashcards
Learn the basic
The most important minerals stored in bones are:
Sodium and potassium
Which of the following groups of bones in the human body, categorized according to shape, is correct
skull bones - flat bones
coxal - short bones
cranium - sesamoid bones
arm and leg bones - short bones
wrist and ankle bones
Skull - Flat bones
The femur, tibia, humerus, and radius are all classified as:
Long bones
What type of tissue covers the epiphysis of bones and reduces friction in the joints
Articular cartilage
smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints. Healthy cartilage in our joints makes it easier to move. It allows the bones to glide over each other with very little friction. Articular cartilage can be damaged by injury or normal wear and tear.
In adults, the function of the yellow marrow is to:
store adipose tissue.
Adipose tissue, or fat, is an anatomical term for loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes. Its main role is to store energy in the form of fat, although it also cushions and insulates the body.
The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that:
bone length is increasing.
The epiphyseal plate (or epiphysial plate, physis, or growth plate) is a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone.
What tiny canal connects central canals to lacunae in compact bone:
Canaliculi -
tiny canals that connect all the lacunae. Haversian Canal - runs up the center of the osteon, contains blood vessels, nerves. Perforating Canal - also called Volkmann’s canals, perpendicular to Haversian canals, supply Haversian canals. Both canal types are lined with endosteum.
The bone cells that respond to parathyroid hormone (PTH) to destroy bone matrix and release calcium into the blood are called:
osteoclasts
A shallow, basin-like depression in a bone often serving as an articular surface is a:
fossa.
A round or oval opening through a bone is a:
Foremen
Which of the following bones is NOT considered part of the appendicular skeleton:
femmur
radius
scapular
sternum
metatarsals
sternum.
The canal that runs through the core of each osteon contains
Blood vessels and fibres
The small vavities in bone tissue where osteocytes are found are called
lacunae
What kind of tissue is the fore runner of long bones
Hyaline cartilage
An example of a bone that forms from fibrous membranes
parietal bone
The factor(s) that determine where bone matrix is to be remodelled is (are)
Growth hormone
Bone growth that occurs due to weight lifting at age 40 is most likely
appositional ossification
A compound fracturecan be described as when
The broken bone is exposed to the outside
A bone fracture where the bone is broken into many fragments is
comminuted fracture
A fracture common in children whose bones have relatively more collagen in their matrix and are ore flexible than those adults is a(n)
greenstick fracture
A fractue that is common in osteoporotic bones is a(n)
compression fraction
The suture found between the parietial and temporal bone is the
sqamous suture
all the following facial bones are paired except one. which of the followong is the unpaired facial bone
vomer
The fibrous connections between the bones of a fetal skull are
fontanels
which of these bones associated with the hand
talus
tarsals
calcaneus
metatarsals
metacarpals
metacarpals
the hyoid bone is unique because
it is the only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with any other bone
Teh sella turcica is part of the …. bone
sphenoid
how many tru ribs in a human
7
transerve foramina are found in the
cervical membrane
The atlas is the
first cervical vertibra
the correct order of the ribs from superior to inferior
true ribs
false ribs
floating ribs
The sternum is the result of three bones called the
manubrium body xiphoid process
which 2 bones constitute the forearm
Uln and radius
The tail bone
coccyx
the differnce between female and male pelvis
the dostance between the female ischial spines is greater
a structure found on the femur is
medial malleolus
the wrist bones are actually
metacarpals
which of these bones is not a long bone found on the leg
tibia
femur
fibula
patella
metatarsals
metatarsals
4 of the five answers below are parts of the same anatomical area. select the exception
fibula
radius
clavicle
scapula
humerus
humerus
Bone formation can be referred to as
ossification
- Haematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones.
True
- Articular cartilage covers the diaphysis of long bones
False
- The arrangement of lamellae around central (Haversian) canals forms osteons.
True
Osteoblasts respond to the parathyroid hormone (PTH).
False
The master gland of the body (pituitary gland) is housed in a saddle-like depression in the temporal bone
false
- The last two pairs of ribs are called true ribs because they have no anterior attachments.
False
The zygomatic bones form the cheekbones.
True
The spinal cord passes through the body of each vertebra.
True
The intervertebral discs that cushion the spine and absorb shock are composed of fibrocartilage.
False
The intervertebral discs that cushion the spine and absorb shock are composed of fibrocartilage.
True
In anatomical position, the lateral lower leg bone is the fibula.
True
There are seven cervical, twelve thoracic, and five lumbar vertebrae.
True
Spinal curvatures that are present at birth are called primary curvatures (the cervical and lumbar
curvatures) and those that develop later are secondary curvatures (the thoracic and sacral curvatures).
False
Plane, hinge, and pivot joints are all types of synovial joints.
True
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that affects fibrous joints.
False
The disease in which uric acid accumulates in the blood and may be deposited as needle-shaped crystals in
the soft tissues of joints is called rheumatoid arthritis.
False
The type of fiber connecting the periosteum to the underlying bone are called Sharpey’s fibres.
True
The large hole located in the base of the occipital bone that allows the spinal cord and brain to connect is
the Haversian canal.
False
A large rounded projection on a bone is called a tuberosity.
True
A fracture where the bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin is termed a greenstick fracture.
False
An increase in bone diameter is called appositional growth.
True
Explain the five functions of the skeletal system.
1.Support– Like the steel framework of a building, bones provide rigidity, which gives the body shape and supports the weight of the muscles and organs. Without this structure the body would collapse in on itself, compressing the lungs, heart and other organs. The skeletal system is divided into two parts, the axial skeleton (skull, vertebrae column and thoracic cavity) and appendicular skeleton (The limbs and pelvic girdle). The bones of the legs act as pillars to support the body trunk when we stand, and the rib cage supports the thoracic
wall.
- Movement – Mobility occurs when the skeletal muscles; which are anchored to bones by tendons, use the bones as levers to move the body and its parts.
- Protection–Examples of the protective qualities of the skeletal system starts with the obvious, human skull (in housing the brain). The vertebrae and ribs also have protective functions by encasing the spinal cord, heart and lungs.
- Storage–fat (adipose tissue) is stored in the internal cavities of bones. Bones also serve as a storehouse for minerals. The body uses calcium and phosphorous for bodily processes like muscle contraction. Some of those minerals are found in our diet, but they are also taken from bone. When the body needs calcium, if there isn’t a ready supply in the blood, the endocrine system releases hormones that initiate the process of taking calcium from bone and releasing it into the bloodstream. When there is a surplus of blood calcium, it’s put back into the bones. This is why dietary calcium and vitamin D are so important. The body uses calcium constantly, and, if there isn’t enough calcium in the diet, it will consistently take calcium from the bone to compensate – leading to osteoporosis. Having enough dietary calcium ensures that there is enough calcium for bodily functions and replenishes the backup stores in the bone.
- Haematopoiesis– Red and white blood cells are made in the red marrow of bones. At birth, and in early childhood, all bone marrow is red. As the person ages, about half of the body’s marrow turns to yellow marrow – which is composed of fat cells. In an adult human, a majority of the long bones contain yellow marrow, and the red marrow is only found in the flat bones of the hip, skull and shoulder blades, the vertebrae and at the ends of the long bones. However, in the event of severe blood loss, the body can convert some yellow marrow back to red marrow to increase blood cell production.
List and discuss the structures of a long bone.
Long bone structure. … The diaphysis or shaft of a long bone makes up most of the length of the bone. It is roughly cylindrical in shape and covered by a fibrous connective tissue membrane called the periosteum. The periosteum is securely held to the compact bone beneath by connective tissue fibres called perforating or Sharpey’s.
The shaft and the epiphsyses (rounded ends of the long bone)are separated by the epiphyseal line/plate (growth plate) which is the responsible for the lengthwise growth of the bone. This epiphyses is covered by articular cartilage providing a smooth, gliding joint. By the end of puberty, long bones stop lengthening when the plate has been replaced by bone. The remnants appear as a thin bony ridge and is called the epiphyseal line.
The diaphysis is composed of a thick layer of compact bone surrounding the
List and explain the steps in the repair process of a simple fracture.
Step 1is hematoma formation. A hematoma, or bloodfilled swelling, forms when bone breaks and
blood vessels rupture. Bone cells are deprived of nutrition and die.
Step 2is fibrocartilaginous callus formation. The site of damage experiences growth of new
capillaries into the clotted blood and disposal of dead tissue by phagocytes. Connective tissue
cells of various types form a mass of repair tissue called fibrocartilage callus. This fibrocartilage
callus contains several elements: some cartilage matrix, some bony matrix, and collagen fibres.
This fibrocartilage callus acts to splint the broken bone, closing the gap.
Step 3is bony callus formation. As more osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate into the area and
multiply, fibrocartilage is gradually replaced by a callus of spongy bone (the bony callus).
Step 4is bone remodelling. Over the next few months, bony callus is remodelled in response to
the mechanical stresses placed on it, so that it forms a strong, permanent patch at the fracture
site.
Explain how the anatomy of compact bone differs from that of spongy bone.
Compact bone is composed of osteons. Concentric rings of matrix, called lamellae, are situated
around a central (Haversian) canal. The rings and central canal constitute an osteon. Other canals, called canaliculi, spread outward from central canals to connect to lacunae. Osteocytes
are mature bone cells that are found in air spaces known as lacunae.
Spongy bone is open, airy, spiky and is composed of small, needlelike pieces of the bone.
Explain how bones are remodelled in response to parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) activates bone-destroying cells called osteoclasts to break down the
bone’s matrix and release the stored calcium into the blood. PTH determines when bone will be
broken down in response to the level of calcium ions in the blood
- List some of the features of a female pelvis that make it different from a male pelvis.
The female pelvis:
a. has a larger and more circular inlet.
b. is shallower than the male pelvis.
c. has lighter and thinner bones.
d. has a shorter and less curved sacrum.
e. has a more rounded pubic arch.
f. has shorter ischial spines that are also farther apart.
If 6-year-old Sarah fell and broke her femur, damaging the proximal epiphyseal plate, what might she expect
as she grows older? What is an epiphyseal plate and why is it significant to this situatio
The epiphyseal plate is the area of growth in a long bone made up ofhyaline cartilage seen in young growing bone. Epiphyseal plates are flat bones and cause the lengthwise growth of long bone
Due to the damage Sarah, may expect a problem in growth within proximal plate. Although there is are 2 epiphyseal plates located at both the distal and proximal ends of the femur. The healthy distal plate can continue to grow.
Discuss the organization of the five regions of the spine.
There are seven cervical vertebrae that form the bones in the neck region. Twelve vertebrae
constitute the thoracic region of the vertebral column. These bones correspond to the ribcage.
Five vertebrae compose the lower back or lumbar vertebrae. Five fused vertebrae make up the
sacral region while four vertebrae form the coccyx (tailbone).
- Explain how atlas and axis are different from other vertebrae. Discuss the roles they play in
The axis vertebra is the bone which joins the spine and skull (C1) It works in tandem with the atlas bone (C2). Together they allow a wide range of motion involving the nodding and rotation movements of the head.
While the atlas mainly holds the head upright, the axis is responsible for extending the motion of the human head. The axis is also an important bone as it contains and encases the entire brain stem, making it crucial for the human system’s survival and functionality.
Differentiate among the three types of joints based on structural and functional classification. Provide
examples of each type of joint.
- Synarthrose- an immovably fixed joint between bones connected by fibrous tissue (for example, the sutures of the skull).
- Amphiarthrosesis a slightly moveable joint, such as the pubic symphysis or an intervertebral cartilaginous joint. A diarthrosis is a freely moveable joint.
- DiarthrosesA synovial joint, also known as diarthrosis, joins bones with a fibrous joint capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the joined bones, constitutes the outer boundary of a synovial cavity, and surrounds the bones’ articulating surfaces. The synovial cavity/joint is filled with synovial fluid.The elbow is an example
What is the relationship between muscle function and bones
our muscles use bones as levers to bring about movement
What are two functions of a bone marrows cavities
To provide a site for hematopiesis (blood cell formation and storage for fat
where are long bones found in the body
Most long bones are found in limbs
What is the anatomical name for the shaft of a long bonefor its ends
Diaphysis
epiphyses
how does the structure of compact bone differ from the structure of spongy bone when viewed with the naked eye
compact bone appears solid and very dense.
Spongy bone areas look like the cross beams of a house with lots of space between the bone spicules
What is the importance of the canalculi
Tiny canels, supply nutrients to the bone cells
bones begin as
membranes or cartlidges
which stimuli = PTH (a hormone) or mechanical forces acting on the skeleton - is more important in maintaining blood calcium levels than in maintaining bone stength
The hormone stimulus PTH maintains blood calcium homeostasis
If osteoclasts in a long bone are more active than osteoblasts what change in bone mass is likely to occur
bones will become thinner and weaker
What is a fracture? What 2 fracture types are particulary common in older people
A fracture is a break of a bone.
compression and comminuted fractures are common in the elderly
What are the 3 main parts of the Axial skeleten
Skull
spinal column
Thoracic cavity
Johnny was vigoriously excercising the only joints in the skull that are freely moveable. What would you guess he would be doing
Eating or talking. These are the temporomandibular
which skull bones form the keystone of the face
maxillae
Which bone has a cibriform plate and crista gali
Ethmoid bone
Which bones are connected by the coronal suture? by the sagittal suture
frontal joins with the parietals at the coronal suture. Parietals join one another at the sagittal suture
Question 1:
Explain the five functions of the skeletal system.
1.Support– Like the steel framework of a building, bones provide rigidity, which gives the body shape and supports the weight of the muscles and organs. Without this structure the body would collapse in on itself, compressing the lungs, heart and other organs. The skeletal system is divided into two parts, the axial skeleton (skull, vertebrae column and thoracic cavity) and appendicular skeleton (The limbs and pelvic girdle). The bones of the legs act as pillars to support the body trunk when we stand, and the rib cage supports the thoracic
wall.
- Movement – Mobility occurs when the skeletal muscles; which are anchored to bones by tendons, use the bones as levers to move the body and its parts.
- Protection–Examples of the protective qualities of the skeletal system starts with the obvious, human skull (in housing the brain). The vertebrae and ribs also have protective functions by encasing the spinal cord, heart and lungs.
- Storage–fat (adipose tissue) is stored in the internal cavities of bones. Bones also serve as a storehouse for minerals.The body uses calcium and phosphorous for bodily processes like muscle contraction. Some of those minerals are found in our diet, but they are also taken from bone. When the body needs calcium, if there isn’t a ready supply in the blood, the endocrine system releases hormones that initiate the process of taking calcium from bone and releasing it into the bloodstream. When there is a surplus of blood calcium, it’s put back into the bones. This is why dietary calcium and vitamin D are so important. The body uses calcium constantly, and, if there isn’t enough calcium in the diet, it will consistently take calcium from the bone to compensate – leading to osteoporosis. Having enough dietary calcium ensures that there is enough calcium for bodily functions and replenishes the backup stores in the bone.
- Haematopoiesis– Red and white blood cells are made in the red marrow of bones. At birth, and in early childhood, all bone marrow is red. As the person ages, about half of the body’s marrow turns to yellow marrow – which is composed of fat cells. In an adult human, a majority of the long bones contain yellow marrow, and the red marrow is only found in the flat bones of the hip, skull and shoulder blades, the vertebrae and at the ends of the long bones. However, in the event of severe blood loss, the body can convert some yellow marrow back to red marrow to increase blood cell production.
List and discuss the structures of a long bone.
Long bone structure. … The diaphysis or shaft of a long bone makes up most of the length of the bone. It is roughly cylindrical in shape and covered by a fibrous connective tissue membrane called the periosteum. The periosteum is securely held to the compact bone beneath by connective tissue fibres called perforating or Sharpey’s.
The shaft and the epiphsyses (rounded ends of the long bone)are separated by the epiphyseal line/plate (growth plate) which is the responsible for the lengthwise growth of the bone. This epiphyses is covered by articular cartilage providing a smooth, gliding joint. By the end of puberty, long bones stop lengthening when the plate has been replaced by bone. The remnants appear as a thin bony ridge and is called the epiphyseal line.
The diaphysis is composed of a thick layer of compact bone surrounding the medullary cavity.
List and explain the steps in the repair process of a simple fracture.
Step 1is hematoma formation. A hematoma, or bloodfilled swelling, forms when bone breaks and
blood vessels rupture. Bone cells are deprived of nutrition and die.
Step 2is fibrocartilaginous callus formation. The site of damage experiences growth of new
capillaries into the clotted blood and disposal of dead tissue by phagocytes. Connective tissue
cells of various types form a mass of repair tissue called fibrocartilage callus. This fibrocartilage
callus contains several elements: some cartilage matrix, some bony matrix, and collagen fibres.
This fibrocartilage callus acts to splint the broken bone, closing the gap.
Step 3is bony callus formation. As more osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate into the area and
multiply, fibrocartilage is gradually replaced by a callus of spongy bone (the bony callus).
Step 4is bone remodelling. Over the next few months, bony callus is remodelled in response to
the mechanical stresses placed on it, so that it forms a strong, permanent patch at the fracture
site.
- Explain how the anatomy of compact bone differs from that of spongy bone.
Compact bone is composed of osteons. Concentric rings of matrix, called lamellae, are situated
around a central (Haversian) canal. The rings and central canal constitute an osteon. Other canals, called canaliculi, spread outward from central canals to connect to lacunae. Osteocytes
are mature bone cells that are found in air spaces known as lacunae.
Spongy bone is open, airy, spiky and is composed of small, needlelike pieces of bone.
Explain how bones are remodelled in response to parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) activates bone-destroying cells called osteoclasts to break down the
bone’s matrix and release the stored calcium into the blood. PTH determines when bone will be
broken down in response to the level of calcium ions in the blood.
List some of the features of a female pelvis that make it different from a male pelvis.
The female pelvis:
a. has a larger and more circular inlet.
b. is shallower than the male pelvis.
c. has lighter and thinner bones.
d. has a shorter and less curved sacrum.
e. has a more rounded pubic arch.
f. has shorter ischial spines that are also farther apart.
If 6-year-old Sarah fell and broke her femur, damaging the proximal epiphyseal plate, what might she expect
as she grows older? What is an epiphyseal plate and why is it significant to this situation?
The epiphyseal plate is the area of growth in a long bone made up ofhyaline cartilage seen in young growing bone. Epiphyseal plates are flat bones and cause the lengthwise growth of long bone
Due to the damage Sarah, may expect a problem in growth within proximal plate. Although there is are 2 epiphyseal plates located at both the distal and proximal ends of the femur. The healthy distal plate can continue to grow.
Discuss the organization of the five regions of the spine
There are seven cervical vertebrae that form the bones in the neck region. Twelve vertebrae
constitute the thoracic region of the vertebral column. These bones correspond to the ribcage.
Five vertebrae compose the lower back or lumbar vertebrae. Five fused vertebrae make up the
sacral region while four vertebrae form the coccyx (tailbone
Explain how atlas and axis are different from other vertebrae. Discuss the roles they play in
The axis vertebra is the bone which joins the spine and skull (C1) It works in tandem with the atlas bone (C2). Together they allow a wide range of motion involving the nodding and rotation movements of the head.
While the atlas mainly holds the head upright, the axis is responsible for extending the motion of the human head. The axis is also an important bone as it contains and encases the entire brain stem, making it crucial for the human system’s survival and functionality.
Differentiate among the three types of joints based on structural and functional classification. Provide
examples of each type of joint
- Synarthrose- an immovably fixed joint between bones connected by fibrous tissue (for example, the sutures of the skull).
- Amphiarthrosesis a slightly moveable joint, such as the pubic symphysis or an intervertebral cartilaginous joint. A diarthrosis is a freely moveable joint.
- Diarthroses A synovial joint, also known as diarthrosis, joins bones with a fibrous joint capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the joined bones, constitutes the outer boundary of a synovial cavity, and surrounds the bones’ articulating surfaces. The synovial cavity/joint is filled with synovial fluid.The elbow is an example
