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PT 514 Skeletal system > Skeletal system > Flashcards

Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

are bones living tissue?

A

Yes

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2
Q

Are bones connective tissue?

A

yes

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3
Q

what are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. Structure/Support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement (body levers)
  4. Mineral storehouse( for Calcium, Phosphate)/ Calcium Homeostasis
  5. Blood cell production (hematopoiesis)
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4
Q 
example of a long bone
example of short bone 
example of flat 
example of irregular 
example of sesamoid
A
  • femur
  • carpal bones in hands, tarsals in feet
  • sternum
  • vertebrae
  • patella
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5
Q

What are the cells of interest in terms of bone/skeletal system?

A

Osteogenic cell ==>osteoblasts–>osteocyte–> osteoclasts

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6
Q

What is an osteoblast? What is the general role of an osteoblast?

A

“Bone-builders”–> DEPOSITION (via secreting collagen fibers and other organic components)

  • Growth
  • Repair
  • Remodeling
  • -> form the bone extracellular matrix
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7
Q

What is an Osteocyte? And what is the general role of an osteocyte?

A
  • A mature bone cell,

- Maintenance/ maintains the bone tissue

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8
Q

What is an Osteoclast? General Role?

A

“Carve out bone” –> Osteoclasts: Resorption(breakdown of bone extracellular matrix)

  • Unloading
  • Repair
  • Remodeling
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9
Q

Can osteons be found in trabeculae ?

A

No! only in compact bone

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10
Q

Inner surface of a bone called?

A

Endosteum (also contains osteoblasts, clasts, and cytes)

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11
Q

Outer surface of a bone called?

A

Periosteum

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12
Q

what is bone made of??

A
  1. Bone cells : cytes, blasts, clasts, osteogenic

2. ECM: Organic and Inorganic

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13
Q

What are the components of Organic Bone ECM? (healthy)

A

30%

  • Collagen ( type 1 )
  • Gel
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14
Q

What are the components of Inorganic Bone ECM? (healthy)

A

70%

Hydroxyapatite –> mineralized form of calcium and phosphate

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15
Q

list different types of mechanical loading of a bone

A
  1. Compression
  2. Tension
  3. Shear
  4. Torsion
  5. Bending
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16
Q

Define Bone Strength (in regards to load-deformation graph)

A

-Load at the failure point

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17
Q

Define Bone Stiffness/Rigidity

A
  • Slope

- Load required to deform a bone at a given amount

18
Q

Define Toughness

A
  • Area under the load-deformation curve

- Energy required to yield or fracture the bone

19
Q

Brittle Bone composition?

A

70% inorganic, 30% organic

20
Q

what is compact bone tissue STRUCTURE consist of?

A

Structural units of osteons (haversian systems)

21
Q

where are osteocytes located?

A

Within the concentric lamellae of an osteon

22
Q

what are lacunae?

A

Lacunae is the space between an osteocyte and lamellae

23
Q

How do osteocytes communicate and receive and transport nutrients?

A

Via the cannaliculi which run horizontally connecting the osteocytes towards each other and throughout the bone

24
Q

another name for perforating canals?

A

Volksmann’s canals

25
Q

volksmann canals structure?

A

They run perpendicular to the central canals, and connect each canal towards the outer surface of the compact bone (periosteum)

26
Q

Purpose of volkmann’s canals?

A

Used as means for blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves to supply the compact bone.

27
Q

what are sharpey’s fibers made of and function?

A

They are thick bunds of collagen, and supply the outside of the bone (periosteum) with nutrients to assist in bone repair/remodeling.

28
Q

another name for spongy bone tissue?

A

trabeculae

29
Q

Do trabeculae have osteons? Why or why not?

A

NO, they are not nearly as dense as compact bone already have a lot of space.

30
Q

Is spongy bone most of the time within a bone? or outside of a bone?

A

Interior of a bone.

31
Q

How can diet affect bone composition (in context of organic)

A

Protein and Vitamin C help create more collagen

32
Q

How can diet affect bone composition (inorganically)

A

Lack of Calcium and Vitamin D –> affects the mineral composition and can weaken of soften bones ( ie rickets and osteomalacia)

33
Q

Why is spongy bone so important??

A

Red bone marrow

34
Q

Why is red bone marrow so important?

A

Blood cell production ! (hematopoesis)

35
Q

Why is bone considered a living tissue?

A

Because it is adaptive: they undergo

  • growth
  • repair (macro/microdamage)
  • Remodeling
36
Q

What do you mean by remodeling?

A

Bone remodeling is formation of new bone tissue and the breakdown of old bone tissue

37
Q

Explain the 4 cell types of bone tissue

A

Osteogenic cells –> progenitor bone cells that develop into osteoblasts

  • osteoblasts - build new bone/ forms the bone ECM via secreting collagen and entrapping themselves within a matrix to mature into osteocytes
  • osteocytes - maintain the bone tissue, theyre the main cells in bone tissue, regulate exchange of nutrient and waste of bone tissue with blood
  • osteoclasts -resorption ie. carve out/break down bone (via lysozomal enzymes), releasing Ca+ as a product.
38
Q

What and where is the yield point on Load-Deformation graph?

A

Yield point is the pt at the end of the elastic, and start of plastic region. It is the amount of load in which a bone will begin to fracture permanently and no longer elastic

39
Q

What and where is the failure point on Load-Deformation graph?

A

The failure pt is at the end of the plastic region: and it signifies the point at which actually breaks/fracture

40
Q

How do I find the maximum deformation of a bone?

A

It is the number drawn vertically from the failure point.

PT 514 Skeletal system (1 decks)

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