Skeletal System Flashcards
What does the axial skeleton consist of?
The bones of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
What does the appendicular skeletal system consist of?
The bones of the shoulder girdle, arms, hands, pelvic girdle, feet, legs, knees, and ankles.
What bones comprise the shoulder girdle?
The clavicles and scapulae.
What bones make up the arms, hands, and fingers?
The humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
What bones make up the pelvic girdle?
The coxal bones.
Which bones comprise the legs, feet, and ankles?
The femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
What is another name of the coxal bones?
The innonimate bones.
What are the junctions where bones meet called?
Joints.
Which joints allow virtually no movement and what is an example of these?
Fibrous joints, such as the sutures of the brain.
Which joints allow limited movement and what is an example of these?
Cartilaginous joints, such as inter-vertebral disks.
Which joints allow considerable movement, and what is an example of these?
Synovial joints, such as the elbows and knees.
What are the most important features of the synovial joints?
A large range of motion and low friction.
What are the ends of bones that articulate covered with?
Smooth hyaline cartilage.
The entire joint is enclosed in a capsule with what kind of fluid?
Synovial fluid.
Virtually all joint movements are made up of rotation about what or what?
Rotation about points or axes.
What type of joint operates as a hinge and rotates about only one axis? What is an example of this?
Uniaxial joint, such as the elbow.
Which type of joint rotates about two perpendicular axes? What are examples of this joint?
Biaxial joints, such as the ankle and wrist.
Which type of joint rotates about three perpendicular axes and what are examples of this?
Multiaxial joints, such as the hip and shoulder.
What is another name for a multiaxial joint?
A ball and socket joint.
How many perpendicular axes define the space in which joint movement is described?
Three axes.
How many bones make up the sacrum and the coccyx, respectively?
Five fused vertebrae in the sacrum and 3 - 5 fused vertebrae in the coccyx.
Of the many things that can positively affect the skeleton of human adults, what are they mostly a result of?
Muscle use.
When bones are subjected to heavy loads, or resistance, what are two things that bones increase?
Bones increase their density and mineral content.
Aside from resistance, what is another factor that affects the adaptations of bones?
Whether the axial skeleton is loaded and, if so, how often.
The adaptation period of bone is longer than the adaptation period of what?
Longer than the adaptation period of muscle.
