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Intro To Human Anatomy > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main components of bone?

A
  1. Inorganic

2. Organic

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2
Q

What inorganic components are in bone?

A

Minerals

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3
Q

What organic components are in bone?

A

Collagen

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4
Q

Minerals produce ____ in bones.

A

Hardness

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5
Q

Collagen provides the bone with _____ and _____.

A

Flexibility and Tensile Strength

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6
Q

What are the five functions of bones?

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Storage
  5. Blood Cell Formation
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7
Q

What do the bones store?

A

Fat, minerals (calcium and phosphorus)

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8
Q

What is blood cell formation called?

A

Hemo / hematopoiesis (in red bone marrow)

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9
Q

Two classification by nature of bone…

A

Compact and Spongy

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10
Q

Two classification by size of bone…

A

Long and Short

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11
Q

Two classification by shape of bone…

A

Flat and Irregular

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12
Q

This type of bone is hard and dense: ___

A

Compact

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13
Q

This type of bone as a smooth, homogeneous (uniform) appearance: ___

A

Compact

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14
Q

Compact bone occurs where most often?

A

Outer shaft of the long bones and outer layer of other bones

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15
Q

Spongy bone is made up of ___.

A

Trabeculae

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16
Q

What is trabeculae?

A

Meshwork of slender strands / plates / spicules of bone surrounded with lost of open cavities.

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17
Q

Spongy bone occurs most often…

A

Within ends of long bone and center of other bones

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18
Q

What is the main tissue bones made up of?

A

Osseous

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19
Q

Long bones are _____ than they are ____.

A

Longer; wide

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20
Q

Long bones have a ____ on both ends?

A

Semi-rounded head

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21
Q

The exterior of long bones are made up of what?

A

Compact bone

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22
Q

The interior of long bones are made up of what?

A

Spongy bone (most evident at the end of bones)

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23
Q

What is an example of long bones?

A

Limbs; arms and legs

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24
Q

Small round or cube shaped bones are classified as what?

A

Short bones

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25
Q

Short bones are composed mostly of what type of bone?

A

Spongy bone; have thin covering of compact bone

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26
Q

What is an example of short bones?

A

Wrist and ankle bones

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27
Q

What is the unusual subtype of short bones?

A

Sesamoid bones

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28
Q

Sesamoid bones can be found where?

A

Embedded in tendons adjacent to joints

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29
Q

Thin, flattened and usually curve bones are classified as what shape?

A

Flat

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30
Q

Flat bones are comprised of what?

A

Two layers of compact bone sandwiching spongy bone

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31
Q

What is an example of flat bones?

A

Skull, ribs, sternum

32
Q

Bones that don’t fit into otherwise mention categories are called what?

A

Irregular bones

33
Q

Examples of irregular bones are…

A

Vertebrae, hip bones, some facial bones

34
Q

Long bones have two parts…

A

Diaphysis and Epiphyses

35
Q

The diaphysis of a long bone is what?

A

The main shaft

36
Q

The diaphysis is…

A

Compact bone surrounding internal opening, medullary cavity

37
Q

The diaphysis is comprised of…

A

Periosteum

38
Q

Describe Periosteum tissue

A

Tough, outer, vascular, fibrous connective tissue covering in the bone

39
Q

Describe the epiphyses of the long bone

A

Irregular, frequently semi-rounded ends

40
Q

Articular… Also means ____

A

Joints

41
Q

What type of cartilage covers ends of bones at joint interfaces to reduce friction?

A

Articular cartilage; made of hyaline cartilage

42
Q

The fundamental structural unit of bone consisting of a group of concentric solid tubes or rings is called what?

A

Osteon or Haversian system

43
Q

What is at the center of lamella?

A

Central canal

44
Q

Concentric layers of bone matrix are called what?

A

Lamellae

45
Q

Each osteon runs ____ to the long axis of the bone.

A

Parallel

46
Q

Patron running parallel gives the bone what?

A

Strength

47
Q

What are the four structural components of osteon?

A
  1. Central canal
  2. Preforating canals
  3. Lacuna
  4. Canaliculi
48
Q

Large canals running at right angles to the central canals

A

Preforating canals

49
Q

Tiny spaces at interfaces between Lamellae of bone

A

Lacuna

50
Q

Each lacuna contains a spider shaped ____

A

Osteocyte

51
Q

Little canals radiating out from the central canals to connect to osteocytes in the lacunae

A

Canaliculi

52
Q

Spongy bone contains fewer and less regularly arranged _____ than compact bone

A

Lamellae

53
Q

Spongy bone is not organized into what?

A

Osteons

54
Q

Red bone marrow serves what purpose?

A

Blood cell formation

55
Q

Red bone marrow fill in spaces of bone?

A

Spongy bone; in the diaphysis

56
Q

What changes of bone marrow between infants and adults?

A

Adults have yellow bone marrow within the diaphysis of the long bone

57
Q

Yellow bone marrow serves what purpose?

A

Adipose tissue storage

58
Q

When an adult, red bone marrow is made where?

A

Spongy bone a flat bones and the epiphyses of some long bones

59
Q

What are the two forms of bone formation during development?

A

Intramembranous bone and Endochondrous bone

60
Q

What is the process of forming endochondrous bone?

A

Embryonic memenchyme -> Hyaline cartilage template -> replaced by endochondrous bone

61
Q

Gradual hardening of the intramembranous bone occurs when?

A

Infancy to childhood

62
Q

Cartilage replaced by bone

A

Ossification

63
Q

Cartilage remains where?

A

Bridge of nose, parts of ribs, joints,

64
Q

Bone growth stops at what age?

A

Early 20s

65
Q

What two hormones control bone development?

A

Growth and sex

66
Q

Growth hormones play what part in bone development?

A

Stimulate cartilage cell division

67
Q

Sex hormones play what part in bone development?

A

Stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates

68
Q

What are signs of bones aging?

A

Metabolism slows down
Resorption; loss of bone mass
Decrease collagen framework
Weaker, more fragile bones

69
Q

____ form and secrete bone matrix around themselves

A

Osteoblasts

70
Q

Mature bone cells

A

Osteocytes

71
Q

Bone break down - resorption

A

Osteoclasts

72
Q

What are the two primary subdivisions of a skeleton?

A

Axial and appendicular

73
Q

The axial skeleton contains what part of the body?

A

Skull, vertebral column, rib cage

74
Q

The appendicular skeleton contains what part of the body?

A

Limbs, Girdles

Not just bones - joints, cartilages, ligaments

75
Q

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80

76
Q

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126

Intro To Human Anatomy (1 decks)

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