Skeletal System Flashcards
periosteum
outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue
compact bone
dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum
cancellous (spongy) bone
contains little spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of compact bones
endosteum
membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone
diaphysis
shaft of the long bones
epiphysis (pl. epiphyses)
end of each long bone
bone marrow
material found in the cavities of the bones
red marrow
thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formaiton
yellow marrow
soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones
maxilla
upper jaw bone
mandible
lower jaw bone
vertebral column
made up of bones called vertebrae (pl) or vertebra (singular) through which the spinal cord runs. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord
cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7)
first set of seven bones, froming the neck
thoracic vertebrae (T1 to T12)
second set of 12 vertebrae. They articulate with the 12 pair of ribs to form the outward curve of the spin.
lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5)
third set of five larger vertebrae, which form the inward curve of the spine
sacrum
next five vertebrae, which fuse together to form a triangular bone positioned between the two hip bones
coccyx
four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone
lamina (pl. laminae)
part of the vertebral arch
clavicle
collarbone
scapula
shoulder blade
acromion process
extension of the scapula, which forms the high point of the shoulder
sternum
breastbone
xiphoid process
lower portion of the sternum
humerus
upper arm bone
ulna and radius
lower arm bones
olecranon process
projection at the upper end of the ulnathat forms the the bony point of the elbow
carpal bones
wrist bones
metacarpal bones
hand bones
phalanges (sing. phalanx)
finger and toe bones
pelvic bone, hip bone
made up of three bones fused together
ischium
lower rear portion on which one sits
ilium
upper, wing-shaped part on each side
pubis
anterior portion of the pelvic bone
acetabulum
large socket in the pelvic bone for the head of the femur
femur
upper leg bone
tibia and fibula
lower leg bones
patella (pl. patellae)
kneecap
tarsal bones
ankle bones
calcaneus
heel bone
metatarsal bones
foot bones
articular cartilage
smooth layer of firm, fibrous tissue covering the contacting surface of joints
meniscus
crescent-shaped cartilage found in the knee
intervertebral disk
cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae in the spine
pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones come together
synovia
fluid secreted by the synovial membrane and found in joint cavities
bursa (pl. bursae)
fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of the joint or the other
ligament
flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint
tendon
band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
aponeurosis
strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone
skeletal muscles (also known as striated muscles)
attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible. Skeletal muscles produce action by pulling and by working in pairs. They are also called voluntary muscles because we have control over these muscles.
smooth muscles (also known as unstriated muscles)
located in internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract. They are also called involuntary muscles because they respond to impulses from the autonomic nerves and are not controlled voluntarily
cardiac muscle (known as myocardium)
forms most of the wall of the heart. Its involuntary contraction produces the heartbeat
abduction (ab-DUK-shun)
moving away from the midline
adduction (ad-DUK-shun)
moving toward the midline
inversion (in-VER-zhun)
turning inward
eversion (e-VER-zhun)
turning outward
extension (ek-STEN-shun)
movement in which a limb is placed in a straight position
flexion
movement in which the limb is bent
pronation
movement that turns the palm down
supination
movement tha turns the palm up
rotation
turning around its own axis
carp/o
carpals (wrist bone)
clavic/o, clavicul/o
clavicle (collarbone)
cost/o
rib
crani/o
cranium (skull)
femor/o
femur (upper leg bone)
fibul/o
fibula (lower leg bone)
humer/o
humerus (upper arm bone)
ili/o
ilium
ischi/o
ischium
lumb/o
loin, lumbar region of the spine
mandibul/o
mandible (lower jawbone)
maxil/o
maxilla (upper jawbone)
patell/o
patella (kneecap)
pelv/i, pelv/o
pelvis, pelvic bone
phalang/o
phalanges (finger or toe bones)
pub/o
pubis
rachi/o
spine/vertebral column
radi/o
radius (lower arm bone)
sacr/o
sacrum
scapul/o
scapula (shoulder blade)
spondyl/o, vertebr/o
vertebra
stern/o
sternum
tars/o
tarsals (ankle bone)
tibi/o
tibia (lower leg bone)
uln/o
ulna (lower arm bone)
aponeur/o
aponeurosis
arthr/o
joint
burs/o
bursa (cavity)
chondr/o
cartilage
disk/o
intervertebral disk
menisc/o
meniscus (crescent)
synovi/o
synovia, synovial membrane
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tendon
ankyl/o
crooked, stiff, bent
kinesi/o
movement, motion
kyph/o
hump (increased convexity of the spine)
lamin/o
lamina (thin, flat plate or layer)
lord/o
bent forward (increased concavity of the spine)
myel/o (also means spinal cord)
bone marrow
my/o, myos/o
muscle
oste/o
bone
petr/o
stone
scoli/o
crooked, curved
inter-
between
supra-
above
sym-, syn-
together, jointed
-asthenia
weakness
-clasia, clasis, -clast
break
-desis
surgical fixation, fusion
-physis
growth
-schisis
split, fissure
ankylosis (ang-ki-LO-sis)
abnormal condition of stiffness
arthritis (ar-THRI-tis)
inflammation of a joint
bursitis (ber-SI-tis)
inflammation of the bursa
chondromalacia (kon-dro-ma-LA-sha)
softening of the cartilage
cranioschisis (kra-ne-OS-ki-sis)
fissure of the skull (congenital)
diskitis (dis-KI-tis)
inflammation of the an intervertebral disk (also called discitis)
fibromyalgia (fi-bro-mi-AL-ja)
pain in the fibrous tissues and muscles
kyphosis (ki-FO-sis)
abnormal condition of a hump (also called humpback or hunchback)
lordosis (lor-DO-sis)
abnormal condition of bending forward (also called swayback)
maxillitis (mak-si-LI-tis)
inflammation of the maxilla
meniscitis (men-i-SI-tis)
inflammation of the meniscus
myasthenia (mi-as-THE-ne-a)
muscle weakness
myeloma (mi-e-LO-ma)
tumor of the bone marrow (malignant)
osteitis (os-te-I-tis)
inflammation of the bone
osteoarthritis (os-te-o-ar-THRI-tis)
inflammation of the bone and joint
osteochondritis (os-te-o-kon-DRI-tis)
inflammation of the bone and cartilage
osteofibroma (os-te-o-fi-BRO-ma)
tumor of the bone and fibrous tissue (benign)
osteomalacia (os-te-o-ma-LA-sha)
softening of bones
osteomyelitis (os-te-o-mi-e-LI-tis)
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow (caused by bacterial infection)
osteopenia (os-te-o-PE-ne-a)
abnormal reduction of bone mass (caused bu inadequate replacement of bone lost to normal bone lysis and can lead to osteoporosis)
osteopetrosis (os-te-o-pe-TRO-sis)
abnormal condition of stonelike bones (marble like bones caused by increased formation of bone)
osteosarcoma (os-te-o-sar-KO-ma)
malignant tumor of the bone
polymyositis (pol-e-mi-o-SI-tis)
inflammation of many muscles
rachischisis (ra-KIS-ki-sis)
fissure of the vertebral column (also called spinal bifida)
rhabdomyolysis (rab-do-mi-OL-i-sis)
dissolution of striated muscle (severity can vary can be caused trauma, extreme exertion and drug toxicity)
sarcopenia (sar-ko-PE-ne-a)
abnormal reduction of connective tissue
scoliosis (sko-le-O-sis)
abnormal condition of (lateral) curved spine
spondylarthritis (spon-dil-ar-THRI-tis)
inflammation of the vertebral joints
spondylosis (spon-di-LO-sis)
abnormal condition of the vertebra
synoviosarcoma (si-no-ve-o-sar-KO-ma)
malignant tumor of the synovial membrane
tendinitis (ten-di-NI-tis)
inflammation of a tendon (also spelt tendonitis)
tenosynovitis (ten-o-sin-o-VI-tis)
inflammation of the tendon and synovial membrane
ankylosing spondylitis (ang-ki-LO-sing spon-di-LI-tis)
form of arthirits that first affects the spine and adjacent structures and that, as it progresses, causes a forward bend to the spine (also called strumpell-Marie arthritis or disease, or rheumatiod spondylitis)
bunion (BUN-yun)
abnormal prominence of the joint at the base of the great toe. It is a common problem, often hereditary or caused by poorly fitted shoes (also called hallux valgus)
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
a common nerve entrapment disorder of the wrist caused by compression of the median nerve. Symptoms include pain and paresthesia in portions of the hand
Colles fracture (KOL-ez)
a type of wrist fracture. The fracture is at the distal end of the radius, the distal fragment being displaced backward.
exostosis (ek-sos-TO-sis)
abnormal benign growth on the surface of a bone (also called spur)
fracture (fx)
broken bone
gout
disease in which an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood causes sodium urate crystals (tophi) to be deposited in the joints, especially that of the great toe, producing arthritis
herniated disk
rupture of the intervertebral disk cartilage, which allows the contents to protude through it, putting pressure of the spinal nerve roots (also called slipped disk, ruptured disk, herniated intervertebral disk or herniated nucleus pulposus [HNP])
lyme disease
an infection caused by bacteria carried by deer ticks and transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick. May include rash and flu like symptoms.
muscular dystrophy (MD)
group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscles and weakness
myasthenia gravis (MG)
chronic disease characterized by muscle weakness and thought to be caused by a defect in the transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle cell. The face, larynx and throat are frequently affected; no true paralysis of the muscles exists.
osteoporosis (os-te-o-po-RO-sis)
abnormal loss of bone density that may lead to an increase in fractures of the ribs, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, hips, and wrists after slight trauma
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
a chronic systemic disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue throughout the body
spinal stenosis
narrowing of the spinal canal with compression of nerve roots. The condition is wither congenital or due to spinal degeneration. Symptoms are pain radiating to the thigh or lower legs and numbness or tingling in the lower extremities.
spondylolisthesis (spon-di-lo-lis-THE-sis)
forward slipping of one vertebra over another
aponeurorrhaphy (ap-o-nu-ROR-a-fe)
suture of an aponeurosis
arthrocentesis (ar-thro-sen-TE-sis)
surgical puncture of a joint to aspirate fluid
arthroclasia (ar-thro-KLA-zha)
surgical breaking of a stiff joint
arthrodesis (ar-thro-DE-sis)
surgical fixation of a joint (also called joint fusion)
arthroplasty (AR-thro-plas-te)
surgical repair of a joint
bursectomy
excision of a bursa
carpectomy (kar-PEK-to-me)
excision of a carpal bone
chondrectomy (kon-DREK-to-me)
excision of a cartilage
Total hip replacement arthroplasty (THA)
replacement of the hip joint with a metallic femoral head and a plastic coated acetabulum
Birmingham hip resurfacing
used for younger active patients. removal of a few millimeters of bone from the femoral head instead of the entire femoral head. a metal cap is placed on top of the femur, and smooth metal is placed in the acetabulum.
Total knee joint replacement arthroplasty (TKA)
is designed to replace worn surfaces of the knee joint. Various prostheses are used.
metatarsal arthroplasty
is used to treat deformities associated with rheumatoid arthritis or hallux valgus and to treat painful or unstable joints.
chondroplasty (KON-dor-plas-te)
surgical repair of a cartilage