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Skeletal System > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the Skeletal System?

A

Support(Primary Function), Movement (passive), Protection of Vital organs, Mineral Storage, Blood Cell formation (Hematopoises)

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2
Q

What are the three characteristics of Osseous C.T?`

A

Compact dense bone, Cancellous spongy Bone, and Matrix

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3
Q

What does a compact bone look like?

A

Hard and heavy. The color is ivory. Forms surface and diaphysis. Osteons are are building blocks.

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of Cancellous Spongy bone?

A

It’s light weight, fills epiphyses, and contains red marrow. Trabeculae are building blocks.

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5
Q

What is Matrix?

A

Mineral Salts(hardness) Collagen (strong and flexible)

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6
Q

What do Osteoblasts do?

A

“Build” and make the boney matrix

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7
Q

What do Osteoclasts do?

A

“Crash” destroy the bone. Enzymes digest protein. Acids dissolve minerals. Forms Marrow Cavity; inolved in remodeling.

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8
Q

What do Osteocytes do?

A

Mature bone cells. “Trapped” osteoblasts

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9
Q

What are the two Skeletal Divisions?

A

Axial and Appendicular

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10
Q

Axial Division

A

Central Skull and spine

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11
Q

Appendicular

A

Arms, legs upper and lower appendages

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12
Q

Name a Long bone classification

A

Humerus, femur

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13
Q

Name a short bone classification

A

Carpal, tarsal

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14
Q

Name a flat bone classification

A

Sternum

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15
Q

Name a sesamoid bone?

A

Patella (knee)

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16
Q

Name some sutures between the cranial bones?

A

Sagittal suture, lambdoid suture

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17
Q

Long bone anatomy

A

Diaphysis, Epiphyses, Articular cartilage, Epiphyseal line,

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18
Q

What is a Diaphysis?

A

shaft made of compact bone

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19
Q

What is Epiphyses?

A

ends filled with spongy bone

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20
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

covers epiphyses (joint)

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21
Q

What is an Epiphyseal line?

A

indicates earlier location of epiphyseal (growth) plate

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22
Q

What is a Periosteum?

A

Connective Tissue covering bone. (fiber sheath)

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23
Q

What is nutrient foramina?

A

holes allowing for penetration of arteries (yellow)

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24
Q

What is the Medullary cavity?

A

Contains yellow marrow

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25
Q

Endosteum is

A

connective tissue lining inner medullary cavity

26
Q

Bone Development characteristics

A

Ossification- replacement of other connective tissue with bone. Begins during 2nd month of gestation. Size increases until late teens for females end of puberty for girls and for mid twenties for males.

27
Q

Ossification process include

A

Intramembranous bone formation and Endochondral bone formation

28
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

occurs in flat bones of skull, clavicles and mandible. Begins with fibrous connective tissue membrane. Membrane calcifies and ossifies into bone.

29
Q

Fontanels

A

are soft spots, not yet ossified. Allows for bith and brain growth.

30
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Occurs in remainder of skeleton. Begins with hyaline cartilage model.Cartilage is replaced by bony tissue.

31
Q

Endochondral Ossification Steps

A

Bone collar form, then cartilage in shaft calcifies, then primary ossification center forms in shaft. Lastly, secondary ossificatino centers in epiphyses.

32
Q

The process of endochondral bone formation

A

1) Cartilage model is covered by perichondrium 2) Cells in perichondrium become osteoblasts and secrete bony matrix 3) Perichondrium becomes periosteum 4) A “Collar” bone is produced around the diaphysis

33
Q

Appositional Growth

A

Bone widens, Osteoclasts enlarge medullary cavity, Osteoblasts add bone to surface of diaphysis

34
Q

What is Bone remodeling?

A

Replacement of old bone with new bone. Involves resorption (osteoclasts) and deposition (osteoblasts) Allows for growth. Removes injured bone. Alters bone shape in response to stress.

35
Q

What is a fracture?

A

And break of a bone

36
Q

How long does it take to repair a fracture?

A

Repair may take months

37
Q

Simple fracture

A

skin not broken

38
Q

Compound fracture

A

bone protrudes through skin

39
Q

Greenstick

A

shaft bent/broken

40
Q

Spiral

A

Twisting force, ragged break- Child abuse

41
Q

Comminuted

A

Shattered into fragments (eldery)

42
Q

What are the steps in fracture repair?

A

Broken blood vessels form a hematoma (blood clot). Connective Tissue and Capillaries invade site. C.T. cells form fibrocartilage callus. Bony callus of spongy bone replaces fibrocartilage callus. Bony callus is remodeled.

43
Q

What is a lever?

A

A Rigid rod that moved about a fixed point

44
Q

What is a folcrum?

A

The fixed point around which a lever moves (joints)

45
Q

What are forces?

A

Act to move levers at two pints. Resistance: Force to be overcome. Effort: Force required to overcome resistance by skeletal muscles.

46
Q

What is a First Class lever?

A

Fulcrum in the middle. See saw effect tilting head backward.

47
Q

What is a Second Class lever?

A

Resistance is in the middle. A wheel barrow effect or rising up on one’s toes.

48
Q

What is a Third Class lever?

A

Effort is in the middle. This is most common type in human body. Flexing the elbow.

49
Q

The classification of joints consist of

A

Structural and Functional

50
Q

Structural Classification are

A

based on what issues or structures are found between bones. Fibrous, Cartilagenous, Synovial

51
Q

Functional Classification are

A

based on amound of movement found between bones. Freely movable, slightly movable, immovable.

52
Q

Examples of Structure classification

A

Classification fibrous joint, structure: Sutures of skull. Classification: Cartilagenous joint, StructureL pubic sythesis.

53
Q

Example of function classification

A

Classification: Synarthrosis Function: immovable joints (skull suture) Classification Amphiarthrosis Function: slightly movable joints (pubic synthesis) Diarthrosis: Function freely movable joints. (knee joint)

54
Q

Structure of a synovial joint

A

Articular cartilage- covers bone ends. Synovial membrane- lines joint capsule. Synovial fluid- lubricates and nourishes cartilage. Synovial cavity= space between the bones. Joint Capsule- fibrous c.t. Ligaments- reinforce joint. Bursae- synovial sacs at other sites of friction.

55
Q

Types of Synovial Joints

A

Classified based on shape of articular surfaces

56
Q

Example of gliding plane

A

in between vertebra

57
Q

Example of Hinge

A

knee, elbow,

58
Q

Example of pivot

A

nodding “NO”

59
Q

Example of Ellipsoidal(condyloid)

A

Looks like “Oval” Occipital condyle area

60
Q

Example of saddle

A

thumb joint.. least common

61
Q

Example of ball and socket

A

head of femur

Skeletal System (1 decks)

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