Skeletal system Flashcards
axial and appendicular skeleton
axial: skull bones, ear and hyoid bones, vertebrae, ribs and sternum
appendicular: pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle), pelvic girdle (os coxae), upper and lower limbs
function of bones and bony features
protection support shape of body and organs
articulate with other bones for movement
points of attachment for tendons and ligaments
cavities and passageways for organs to go through
axial and appendicular skeleton
axial: skull, ear and hyoid bones, vertebrae, ribs and sternum
appendicular: pectoral pelvic girdle upper lower limb
purpose of bones and bony features
protection support shape
openings to passageways
articulate with other bones for movement
points of attachment for ligaments and tendons
condyle example
distal end of the femur
foramen
foramen magnum at the base of the skull
malleolus
hammerhead shaped projection, on either ed of the ankle
process
vertebral column transverse processes act as points of attachment for tendons
trochanter
large rough projection on proximal end of femur for attachment of glute muscles
tubercle
small smooth projection eg distal end of femur
tuberosity
large rough projection eg ulnar tuberosity
joints tendons ligaments
joints: point of articulation between 2 or more bones for movement
tendons: connect muscle to bone
ligaments: connect bone to bone
joint stability vs range of motion
stability affected by shape size relative proportion of articulating surfaces
ROM affected by muscles attached to the bone
increase stability, decrease ROM
glenohumeral joint
low stability, high ROM
head of humerous is proportionally large compared to glenoid cavity of scapula
multiaxial diarthrotic joint
hip joint
low stability, high ROM, but more stable than glenohumeral due to larger contact area between head of femur and coxal bones
multiaxial diarthrotic joint
elbow joint
high stability low ROM between radius ulna humerous
uniaxial diarthrotic joint
knee joint
low stability relatively high ROM between femur tibia patella
uniaxial diarthrotic joint
sacroilliac joint
high stability minimal ROM between sacrum and illium
amphiarthrotic joint
talocrucal joint
high stability low ROM between talus and tibia
uniaxial diarthrotic joint, allows dorsiflexion and extension
subtalar joint
high stability low ROM between talus and calcaneus
uniaxial diarthrotic joint, allows for inversion and eversion
vertebral bone superior view
body: carries weight of body
vertebral foramen: space for spinal cord, stacks to form vertebral canal
transverse processes and spinous process: points of attachment for tendons
vertebral bone side view
superior and inferior articulating processes: superior facet articulates with inferior facet of adjacent vertebrae for movement
space between the processes when vertebrae stacked together called intervertebral foramen, allows spial nerves to project
Cervical vertebrae
smaller, have transverse processes for vertebral arteries to pass through
C1 and C2 involved in nodding and shaking head
